【深度剖析】谈入境美国90天与签证不符行为而构成虚假陈述的判断标准

上次我们发布了一篇有关签证欺诈的文章，引起了广泛的关注。科洛杰大律师深度剖析政策，深受读者喜爱。有同学在文章下留言需要中文版本，现在就来啦！

Prior to September 1, 2017, the U.S. Department of State (DOS) implemented what was commonly referred to as the “30/60-Day Rule” when determining what actions suggest misrepresentation upon entry into the U.S. The rule detailed that a foreign national who has engaged in any conduct considered inconsistent with his or her nonimmigrant status (see list below for examples) within the first 30 days of entry was presumed to have misrepresented their intent to adhere to the requirements of his or her visa. If the foreign national violated the visa’s terms between 30 days and 60 days after entry, he or she was not presumed to have misrepresented his or her intentions, but any facts supporting a “reasonable belief” or suspicion by the DOS could be grounds for finding misrepresentation. After 60 days in the U.S., a foreign national could engage in actions inconsistent with their visa without being presumed to have misrepresented their intentions or being subjected to any “reasonable belief” suggesting visa fraud.

在2017年9月1日之前, 美国国务院 (DOS) 实施被称为 "30/60 天规则"的规定,此规定确定了什么行为构成进入美国时的虚假陈述。该规则详细规定, 在入境的30天内, 从事任何被认为与其非移民身份不符的行为的外籍人士 (见下面列举的例子) 会被推定为在申请签证时存在虚假意图，即签证欺诈。如果外籍人士在入境后的30天至60天内违反了签证条款, 他不会被直接推定为有虚假意图, 但如果有任何事实支撑可以“合理推断”或可以被认定歪曲意图的行为仍会被认定为签证欺诈。进入美国60天后, 外籍国民如果从事与他们签证不符的行为时, 不会因为“合理推断”被认定为签证欺诈。

Since September 1st, 2017, the DOS has amended the “30/60-Day Rule”, extending the presumption of misrepresentation to a 90-day period. This essentially means that any actions that might suggest a violation of a foreign national’s nonimmigrant status within 90 days of entry into the U.S. will be presumed to indicate their misrepresentation of intent to comply with their visa. Furthermore, after the 90-day period, a consular officer, in conjunction with the DOS Advisory Opinions Division, may still determine that a foreign national has misrepresented his or her intentions based on a factually-supported “reasonable belief” that fraud has been committed. A determination of misrepresentation could lead to a permanent ban from the United States due to visa fraud.

自2017年9月1日以来, 该 DOS 修正了 "30/60 天规则", 将虚假陈述的推定期限延长到90天。这实质上意味着, 任何可能暗示在进入美国后90天内违反非移民身份的行为都将被推定为意图签证欺诈。此外, 在90天期限之后, 领事官员与 DOS 仍可继续调查并且断定外籍人士是否可以被合理推断为虚报签证意图并且签证欺诈。如果一旦被认定为签证欺诈，很可能会导致永远禁止入境美国。

This change in policy could have drastic effects on foreign nationals who plan on changing their visa status within 90 days of entry. For example, if a foreign national suddenly enrolls in academic study on a B-1 temporary business visitor visa, which does not normally allow study, within 90 days of entry, he or she may be presumed to have engaged in misrepresentation. Even if aforementioned foreign national enrolls in academic study after 90 days, he or she may still be subject to further scrutiny by the DOS. Actions found to be inconsistent with the current visa may also affect a foreign national’s pending or future applications to adjust or change status or other visa considerations.

这一政策的改变可能会对那些计划入境后改变其签证状况的外籍人士产生重大影响。例如, 如果外国国民突然在持有B-1 临时商务访客的签证入境90天内想从事学术研究（通常B-1不允许进行学术研究）， 那么他可能会被推定为虚假陈述。即使上述情况发生在90天后, 他仍可能受到 DOS 的进一步审查。被发现与当前签证不符的行为后，很可能影响外国国民的现在和未来的绿卡申请、身份调整或其他签证的申请。

All foreign nationals with nonimmigrant visas should take precautions to comply with their visa status for the entire duration of their stay in the U.S. The following actions, if inconsistent with visa requirements, may lead to a finding of misrepresentation if they occur within 90 days of entry:

This guidance, along with enhance screening procedures, is one of several policy updates issued by the Trump administration last year to tighten existing immigration policies.  These policies, known as “extreme vetting,” have made visa applications both in the U.S. and at U.S. consulates abroad more difficult. Foreign nationals and companies that employ them in the U.S. should ensure visa requirements are respected at all times and consult with an immigration attorney if their plans change so they can maintain compliance with their current visa or change their visa status as necessary.

这项指引连同加强程序, 是特朗普政府去年为收紧现行入境政策而更新的多项政策之一。 这些被称为 "极端审查" 的政策, 使得美国境内和美国驻外领事馆的签证申请更加困难。在美国雇用外籍人士时，公司应确保在任何时候他们都遵守签证要求, 在计划有变时应及时与专业律师协商，以确保在美行为与当前持有签证的一致性或者及时申请改变签证类别。