ETTO原则

Accident investigation and risk assessment have for decades focused on the human factor, most notably in the form of 'human error'. Countless books and papers have been written about how to identify, classify, eliminate, prevent and compensate for 'human error'. This preoccupation with failure is near universal and can be found in all fields of application. One consequence of this has been a bias towards the study of performance failures, leading to a neglect of normal or 'error-free' performance. The common, unspoken assumption is that failures and successes have different origins and that there therefore is little to be gained from studying the latter. 
几十年来，事故调查和风险评估一直关注人为因素，最明显的是“人为错误”。关于如何识别、分类、消除、预防和补偿“人为错误”，已经写了无数的书和论文。这种对失败的关注几乎是普遍的，在所有应用领域都可以找到。其后果之一是对运行失败的研究存在偏见，导致忽视了正常或“无错误”的运行。一个常见的、不言而喻的假设是，失败和成功有不同的起源，因此研究后者几乎没有什么收获。
Erik Hollnagel argues strongly that this assumption is incorrect and that it is impossible to attain safety by eliminating risks and failures. Instead it is better to study why things go right, and to find ways to support and amplify that. 
Erik Hollnagel强烈认为，这种假设是不正确的，不可能通过消除风险和故障来实现安全。相反，最好研究为什么事情进展顺利，并找到支持和扩大这一点的方法。
The aim of this book is to present a single, simple but powerful principle for human performance that can be used to understand both positive and negative outcomes. The ETTO Principle reflects the common trait that people in their work naturally adjust what they do to match the conditions - to what has happened, to what happens, and to what may happen. It proposes that it is normal for people in work situations to adjust their performance by means of an efficiency-thoroughness trade-off (ETTO) - usually by sacrificing thoroughness for efficiency. The trade-off can be due to a lack of time, lack of resources, work and company pressures, lack of information, etc. The ability of people mutually to adjust their performance is the reason why things go right. Yet in some cases the adjustments may combine in an unforeseen way and lead to adverse outcomes. These outcomes are nevertheless due to the very same processes that produce successes, rather than to errors and malfunctions. 
本书的目的是为人类工作行为（performance）提出一个单一、简单但强大的原则，可以用来理解积极和消极的结果。ETTO原则反映了一个共同的特点，即人们在工作中会自然地调整自己的工作，以适应条件——适应已经发生的事情、发生的事情和可能发生的事情。它提出，在工作环境中，人们通过"效率-彻底性权衡"（Efficiency-Thoroughness Trade-Off，ETTO ）来调整自己的表现是正常的，通常是通过牺牲彻底性来换取效率。这种权衡可能是由于缺乏时间、缺乏资源、工作和公司压力、缺乏信息等。人们相互调整工作行为的能力是事情进展顺利的原因。然而，在某些情况下，这些调整可能会以不可预见的方式结合在一起，并导致不利的结果。然而，这些结果是由于产生成功的过程，而不是错误和故障。
The ETTO Principle obviates the need for specialised theories and models of failure and 'human error' and offers instead a viable basis for more effective and just approaches to both reactive and proactive safety management.
ETTO原则消除了对故障和“人为错误”的专门理论和模型的需求，反而为更有效和公正的反应式和主动式安全管理方法提供了可行的基础。
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