必读 | 美国权威冠状病毒病理学家的一封信：年内药物、疫苗均无可用，控制疫情并不乐观，我对COVID-19冠状病毒所采取的措施
插播【旧金山湾区疫情新闻】3月2日圣克拉拉县公共卫生部门星期一在该县确认了2例新的新型冠状病毒病例，使该县的病例总数达到9例。据卫生部门称，新病例都是与发现该病毒的其他人“家庭接触”的两个人，一个在圣塔克拉拉县，另一个在另一个县。两人都在家里处于隔离状态。卫生部门在一份声明中说：“病例增加并不意外。” “公共卫生部门将继续查明与这些病例有接触的人。该部门还将进行社区监视，以确定可能的疾病在我们社区中传播的程度。”
导读
James A. Robb是美国病理学家和分子病毒学家，他是冠状病毒的早期研究者，并帮助建立了它的基因组成。他撰写了《 综合病毒学》一书中有关冠状病毒的章节，并对此发表了广泛的著作。2020年2月，他写了一封“亲爱的同事”信，内容涉及及“我在做什么，为即将到来COVID-19（冠状病毒）的流行主题：我对COVID-19冠状病毒所采取的措施”
《硅谷时报》收到了来自美国硅谷权威级生物医药科学家余国良博士的转发邮件，同时余国良也对邮件内容进行了部分翻译。余国良表示，James A. Robb博士希望大家能够把这封信分享出去，让人们了解他是如何采取措施的，或许对更多的人有所帮助。
感谢余国良博士、James A. Robb博士的分享！《硅谷时报》也衷心希望广大读者能够理性面对疫情，不惶恐，相信科学，相信我们一定可以战胜疫情！
——《硅谷时报》• 疫情专题报道
James A. Robb是美国病理学家和分子病毒学家。他拥有科罗拉多大学的理论物理学学士学位。
1965年，他进入科罗拉多大学医学院 ，获得医学博士学位。他在耶鲁大学从事病理学住院医师以及分子生物学培训，然后在美国国立卫生研究院工作。
他一直是加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校的教授，美国国家癌症研究所的病理咨询医生，以及佛罗里达州迈阿密的雪松医学中心的解剖学和分子病理学负责人。他在解剖病理学，临床病理学，细胞病理学和皮肤病理学方面获得董事会认证。
他是冠状病毒的早期研究者，并帮助建立了它的基因组成。他撰写了《 综合病毒学》一书中有关冠状病毒的章节，并对此发表了广泛的著作。作者：Dr. James Robb前加州大学圣地亚哥分校(UCSD)病理学家
亲爱的同仁们：
你们可能还记得，我1970年代还在UCSD担任病理学教授时，就是最早开始研究冠状病毒的分子病毒学家之一，当时我首次确认这个病毒含有的基因数目。其后我一直关注冠状病毒这个领域，包括了近年来几个同类病毒从动物传到人类的案例，比如SARS（非典）及MERS（中东呼吸综合症）。目前（三月一号）我们只能概括预测新冠病毒在美国的扩散。主要的原因是我们仍然没有足够的全球感染数据。但是有相当大的可能性三月中到四月会看到美国的大面积传染。以下是我已经在做，也会持续做的个人防护措施。这些步骤，除了增加了口罩手套以外，跟我在一般流感季节的作法是一样的。
- ㄧ：不握手！改用碰拳，碰肘，或是点头致意。
- 二：只用指关节碰触电灯开关，电梯按钮等等。用纸巾或是手套拿加油枪。
- 三：用拳头或臀部推门，除非不得已不要用手抓门把。尤其对于公共区域，厕所等等的门。
- 四：尽可能使用消毒纸巾。用它擦门把，购物车把手等等。
- 五：每次回家或是去过任何与他人接触的地点后，用肥皂或是含酒精60%以上的洗剂洗手十到二十秒。
- 六：家中每个入口都放一瓶洗手液。车上也要备妥，加油或碰触其他物品后无法立即洗手时使用。
- 七：咳嗽喷嚏时尽量使用纸巾然后丢弃。用手肘遮档是不得已而行之，因为这种病毒可能在衣物上存活一周以上！
我自己对美国本土可能的大流行做的准备：
- ㄧ：抛弃式手套：出外购物，加油，或是任何可能碰触感染表面的时候都戴手套。注意：这个病毒是由大的咳嗽喷嚏飞沫液滴传播，所以传染的不是空气，而是液滴沾染的表面，这些被污染的表面平均一周都可传染。任何跟带病毒者有关系的东西都可能变成是传染源。病毒主要是在这些液滴污染了的表面。所以除非你被直接咳到或喷到，（目前还没有）空气传染的证据。这个新冠病毒只有肺细胞的受体（仅感染肺部）。所以传染的途径是经由手到口鼻，或是直接被带原者咳到喷到口鼻。
- 二：囤积一些抛弃式口罩。目的是避免我们用手碰触口鼻。我们每天不自觉的碰触口鼻达九十次！这是这个针对肺部攻击的病毒感染你最直接的途径。假如你被带原者直接咳到喷到，这些口罩也不足以保护你。口罩是避免自己的手碰触口鼻用的。
- 三：除了口罩，还要囤积洗手液。要用高于60%酒精为底的洗手液才有效。
- 四：准备含锌的感冒药物(zinc lozenges)。这些药物已经证明可以阻挡许多病毒在咽喉鼻腔内增生，包含冠状病毒。有任何类似感冒症状就可以服用。市面有许多牌子，Cold-Eeze是其中之一。
和大家一样，我也希望这个新冠大流行能够大致被控制住，但是我个人并不乐观。人类从来没有接触过这个（原始基因序列）跟蛇类有关的病毒，所以也没有任何防御能力。全球的努力已经取得很多成果，包括它的分子排列及临床病毒学特性，大量该病毒的基因，结构，传染性已经被了解。但是，今年内是不会造出药物或疫苗来保护我们的。只能从症状上做支持治疗。希望我的一些个人浅见能在这个可能是灾难的大流行里有点帮助。欢迎转送这篇文字。
祝大家好运。
Jim James Robb, MD FCAP 医学博士，美国病理学院院士
Subject: What I am doing for the upcoming COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic
Dear Colleagues,
As some of you may recall, when I was a professor of pathology at the University of California San Diego, I was one of the first molecular virologists in the world to work on coronaviruses (the 1970s). I was the first to demonstrate the number of genes the virus contained. Since then, I have kept up with the coronavirus field and its multiple clinical transfers into the human population (e.g., SARS, MERS), from different animal sources.
The current projections for its expansion in the US are only probable, due to continued insufficient worldwide data, but it is most likely to be widespread in the US by mid to late March and April.
Here is what I have done and the precautions that I take and will take. These are the same precautions I currently use during our influenza seasons, except for the mask and gloves.:
1) NO HANDSHAKING! Use a fist bump, slight bow, elbow bump, etc.
2) Use ONLY your knuckle to touch light switches. elevator buttons, etc.. Lift the gasoline dispenser with a paper towel or use a disposable glove.
3) Open doors with your closed fist or hip - do not grasp the handle with your hand, unless there is no other way to open the door. Especially important on bathroom and post office/commercial doors.
4) Use disinfectant wipes at the stores when they are available, including wiping the handle and child seat in grocery carts.
5) Wash your hands with soap for 10-20 seconds and/or use a greater than 60% alcohol-based hand sanitizer whenever you return home from ANY activity that involves locations where other people have been.
6) Keep a bottle of sanitizer available at each of your home's entrances. AND in your car for use after getting gas or touching other contaminated objects when you can't immediately wash your hands.
7) If possible, cough or sneeze into a disposable tissue and discard. Use your elbow only if you have to. The clothing on your elbow will contain infectious virus that can be passed on for up to a week or more!
What I have stocked in preparation for the pandemic spread to the US:
1) Latex or nitrile latex disposable gloves for use when going shopping, using the gasoline pump, and all other outside activity when you come in contact with contaminated areas.
Note: This virus is spread in large droplets by coughing and sneezing. This means that the air will not infect you! BUT all the surfaces where these droplets land are infectious for about a week on average - everything that is associated with infected people will be contaminated and potentially infectious. The virus is on surfaces and you will not be infected unless your unprotected face is directly coughed or sneezed upon. This virus only has cell receptors for lung cells (it only infects your lungs) The only way for the virus to infect you is through your nose or mouth via your hands or an infected cough or sneeze onto or into your nose or mouth.
2) Stock up now with disposable surgical masks and use them to prevent you from touching your nose and/or mouth (We touch our nose/mouth 90X/day without knowing it!). This is the only way this virus can infect you - it is lung-specific. The mask will not prevent the virus in a direct sneeze from getting into your nose or mouth - it is only to keep you from touching your nose or mouth.
3) Stock up now with hand sanitizers and latex/nitrile gloves (get the appropriate sizes for your family). The hand sanitizers must be alcohol-based and greater than 60% alcohol to be effective.
4) Stock up now with zinc lozenges. These lozenges have been proven to be effective in blocking coronavirus (and most other viruses) from multiplying in your throat and nasopharynx. Use as directed several times each day when you begin to feel ANY "cold-like" symptoms beginning. It is best to lie down and let the lozenge dissolve in the back of your throat and nasopharynx. Cold-Eeze lozenges is one brand available, but there are other brands available.
I, as many others do, hope that this pandemic will be reasonably contained, BUT I personally do not think it will be. Humans have never seen this snake-associated virus before and have no internal defense against it. Tremendous worldwide efforts are being made to understand the molecular and clinical virology of this virus. Unbelievable molecular knowledge about the genomics, structure, and virulence of this virus has already been achieved. BUT, there will be NO drugs or vaccines available this year to protect us or limit the infection within us. Only symptomatic support is available.
I hope these personal thoughts will be helpful during this potentially catastrophic pandemic. You are welcome to share this email. Good luck to all of us!
Jim
James Robb, MD FCAP
Dear Colleagues,
As some of you may recall, when I was a professor of pathology at the University of California San Diego, I was one of the first molecular virologists in the world to work on coronaviruses (the 1970s). I was the first to demonstrate the number of genes the virus contained. Since then, I have kept up with the coronavirus field and its multiple clinical transfers into the human population (e.g., SARS, MERS), from different animal sources.
The current projections for its expansion in the US are only probable, due to continued insufficient worldwide data, but it is most likely to be widespread in the US by mid to late March and April.
Here is what I have done and the precautions that I take and will take. These are the same precautions I currently use during our influenza seasons, except for the mask and gloves.:
1) NO HANDSHAKING! Use a fist bump, slight bow, elbow bump, etc.
2) Use ONLY your knuckle to touch light switches. elevator buttons, etc.. Lift the gasoline dispenser with a paper towel or use a disposable glove.
3) Open doors with your closed fist or hip - do not grasp the handle with your hand, unless there is no other way to open the door. Especially important on bathroom and post office/commercial doors.
4) Use disinfectant wipes at the stores when they are available, including wiping the handle and child seat in grocery carts.
5) Wash your hands with soap for 10-20 seconds and/or use a greater than 60% alcohol-based hand sanitizer whenever you return home from ANY activity that involves locations where other people have been.
6) Keep a bottle of sanitizer available at each of your home's entrances. AND in your car for use after getting gas or touching other contaminated objects when you can't immediately wash your hands.
7) If possible, cough or sneeze into a disposable tissue and discard. Use your elbow only if you have to. The clothing on your elbow will contain infectious virus that can be passed on for up to a week or more!
What I have stocked in preparation for the pandemic spread to the US:
1) Latex or nitrile latex disposable gloves for use when going shopping, using the gasoline pump, and all other outside activity when you come in contact with contaminated areas.
Note: This virus is spread in large droplets by coughing and sneezing. This means that the air will not infect you! BUT all the surfaces where these droplets land are infectious for about a week on average - everything that is associated with infected people will be contaminated and potentially infectious. The virus is on surfaces and you will not be infected unless your unprotected face is directly coughed or sneezed upon. This virus only has cell receptors for lung cells (it only infects your lungs) The only way for the virus to infect you is through your nose or mouth via your hands or an infected cough or sneeze onto or into your nose or mouth.
2) Stock up now with disposable surgical masks and use them to prevent you from touching your nose and/or mouth (We touch our nose/mouth 90X/day without knowing it!). This is the only way this virus can infect you - it is lung-specific. The mask will not prevent the virus in a direct sneeze from getting into your nose or mouth - it is only to keep you from touching your nose or mouth.
3) Stock up now with hand sanitizers and latex/nitrile gloves (get the appropriate sizes for your family). The hand sanitizers must be alcohol-based and greater than 60% alcohol to be effective.
4) Stock up now with zinc lozenges. These lozenges have been proven to be effective in blocking coronavirus (and most other viruses) from multiplying in your throat and nasopharynx. Use as directed several times each day when you begin to feel ANY "cold-like" symptoms beginning. It is best to lie down and let the lozenge dissolve in the back of your throat and nasopharynx. Cold-Eeze lozenges is one brand available, but there are other brands available.
I, as many others do, hope that this pandemic will be reasonably contained, BUT I personally do not think it will be. Humans have never seen this snake-associated virus before and have no internal defense against it. Tremendous worldwide efforts are being made to understand the molecular and clinical virology of this virus. Unbelievable molecular knowledge about the genomics, structure, and virulence of this virus has already been achieved. BUT, there will be NO drugs or vaccines available this year to protect us or limit the infection within us. Only symptomatic support is available.
I hope these personal thoughts will be helpful during this potentially catastrophic pandemic. You are welcome to share this email. Good luck to all of us!
Jim
James Robb, MD FCAP
感谢余国良博士为《硅谷时报》提供了
邮件原文并进行了相关内容的翻译
余国良博士Apollomics公司董事长兼CEO
2019全球浙商金奖获得者
美国华人生物医药科技协会创始会长，美国癌症研究基金会、吴瑞基金会、美中生命科学协会、美中医药协会和百华协会的骨干或理事，美国浙江商会会长。
余国良博士毕业于上海复旦大学生物系，获得生物化学学士学位。
1990年获得美国加州大学伯克利分校分子生物学博士学位。1992 年，他在哈佛大学医学院从事相关的博士后研究。师从 2009 年获得诺贝尔医学和生理学奖获得者 Elizabeth Blackburn 教授，余国良与 Blackburn 教授一同参与了获得诺奖的端粒酶及作用机制的发现。1990 年余国良在《自然》杂志上署名第一作者发表的论文《在端粒序列和四膜虫端粒酶 RNA 的突变引起体内衰老改变》被 Elizabeth Blackburn 教授多次提及并视为她一生最有价值的论文。
从学术界到工业界，他和团队累计在《Nature》、《Science》、《Cell》等著名专业刊物上科学论文数十篇，拥有国际专利400多项。
他被誉为——“硅谷走出的重量级创业大牛”，是著名美籍华人科学家、创业家，生物制药领域的不懈探索者。
2020年，他的首部中文科普著作将在全中国上市发行。
美国南达科塔州公共卫生官员给出的购物清单及相关建议
新闻引用链接：
https://www.kron4.com/news/heres-your-shopping-list-to-be-prepared-for-a-coronavirus-outbreak/
▲两周的水和不易腐烂的食物供应
▲30天的处方药
▲非处方药，例如止痛药，胃药，止咳药和感冒药，带电解质的液体和维生素
▲肥皂和洗手液
你还应该做什么？
▲经常洗手（请参阅下面的预防细节）
▲查看公司的病假时间政策，如果病了，请留在家里
▲向您的工作场所查询在家工作的政策
▲如果发生暴发，请与孩子的学校或托儿所核对计划
▲如有需要，在家备一份药物清单
预防技巧
▲避免与生病的人密切接触。
▲避免触摸眼睛，鼻子和嘴巴。
▲生病时待在家里。
▲用纸巾遮住咳嗽或打喷嚏，然后将纸巾丢进垃圾桶。
▲使用常规的家用清洁剂或抹布清洁和消毒经常触摸的物体和表面。
▲经常用肥皂和清水洗手至少20秒钟，尤其是去洗手间后和进食前; 鼻子，咳嗽或打喷嚏后。如果不容易获得肥皂和水，请使用含酒精至少60％的洗手液。如果手很脏，请务必用肥皂和水洗手。
如果你也有想法和我们分享
欢迎在下面给我们留言
———— / END / ————
专题策划：硅谷时报专题组
美编：Aaron Kuo
图片：网络
编辑组稿：WuXin
审核：主编Lina Yu
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版权声明：以上内容为用户推荐收藏至CareerEngine平台，其内容（含文字、图片、视频、音频等）及知识版权均属用户或用户转发自的第三方网站，如涉嫌侵权，请通知[email protected]进行信息删除。如需查看信息来源，请点击“查看原文”。如需洽谈其它事宜，请联系[email protected]。