托福写作中，一般人get不到的让步段使用技巧 || TD干货

一提到让步，很多学生第一时间会想到although; even though; despite; granted这些或基础或高级的表让步的标识词；或者想到让步段：Admittedly, although A has some disadvantages, its benefits far outweigh the inconveniences; even if B has certain weaknesses in some occasions, it still has more influence than A. 总之，在很多人的概念中，让步更多的是一种在想不出如何进一步细化论述的时候，可以使用的一种折中的凑字数的方法。

在很多老师的教学体系之中也是如此。在传统的五段式议论文体系中，一篇议论文要求学生提出三个理由，即写出三个主体段来论证自己的中心论点。而很多情况下，受限于中式思维或者题目的难度，学生想到的分论点之间或有重合，导致虽然论点很快能够想出来，但是主体段的展开论述却遭遇难产；或者学生根本就想不到三个并列且合理的分论点。

这个时候，老师就会建议学生提出两个论点，然后用第三个段落来写让步凑字数，即所谓的让步段。当然，也有一些学生会视让步这一论证方法为洪水猛兽，认为既然需要有明确的论证立场，就丝毫不需要在文中提及对方的好，这样做会削弱自己的观点，因此极其排斥让步。

让步段的理念已经深入人心，但是其合理性却非常值得商榷。如首段提出的应用于让步段的经典句型，这样写出的段落非常空泛，缺乏细节，也缺乏符合逻辑的论证过程。我们如何论证一个事物的好处远远大于不便？又有没有严谨的推导过程可以证明一个事物比另一事物更重要？让步段也许能让目标设立在中档（18-22分）的学生有一个可以仿照的模板段落，但是如果致力于得到高分，这样的模板段落恐怕反而会有适得其反的作用，也有悖于托福写作的基本写作要求:use specific reasons and examples to illustrate your points。

那么，如何正确而合理地使用让步，让其能够最大化的发挥作用，完善逻辑论证，并帮助学生拿到高分呢？让我们先举几个例子👇

First,technology renders the communication even more complex.Some people hold the opposite idea, claiming that technology simplifiescommunication. It appears to be true that apart from more traditional ways suchas making phone calls or writing letters, nowadays we have more expedient ways,for example, sending text messages or E-mails. In fact, these high-techmethods increase our burden. Every New Year’s Eve, each member of my family isbusy sending text messages to our friends, classmates and colleagues. We areafraid of forgetting someone on the text list, even if he or she is just asimple acquaintance. We have to judge and weigh the words sent to differentgroups of people. This situation reminds me of the past, when we only need tocall a couple of friends in festivals, giving them sincere greetings.

Theexplosion of information has posed increasing difficulties to teacher. It is true that the Internet has brought students so muchconvenience to obtain information and knowledge from diverse channels. Thereare forums posting learning experience from the super scholars; and there arewebsites uploading the latest open courses lectured by famous professor of topuniversities. However, it is highly doubtful if information on theunauthorized sources is reliable and trustworthy. Students could be misled bythe incorrect or less responsible answer and comment. They may stubbornly counton the data seen from the website rather than believe what is taught in theclass. Even if some online resources are recognized andfree from errors, the amount of information is so overwhelming forstudents to digest. It is commonly seen that students happily download megabitsof learning materials but leave most of them half finished, or even never layeyes on them.

上面的两个段落中，标红的部分都占到了段落的几乎一半，其作用都是在让步，提出反方出现的事实信息，文章观点也并没有被削弱，反而读下来非常流畅。让步在范例中起到引入段落展开的作用，更自然的引出了下文的论证。这与中文中的先扬后抑的方法类似。

People in the past might haveless income and fewer things to buy and entertain themselves,but the positive side of this was that they didn’t have to work that hard inorder to have a comparatively decent life, based on the standard of thosedays.  They could have many hours totheir own, which was why they could be healthier.

当然，让步也可以以范例三中的更简短的形式出现，同范例二中以even if 引导的句子相同，这样的让步应用更加灵活，在段内的位置也更加随意，应用范围也更广。

套用易中天先生曾归纳的一类中国式逻辑结尾：中式逻辑问态度而不问事实，而想要破除这种思维误区，写出更符合英语思维的文章，更正确灵活的应用让步，就应该重视基于事实的论证和分析。