在美国不顾反对，使中美贸易摩擦持续升级的背景下，9月24日，中国国务院新闻办公室发布《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》（The Facts and China's Position on China-US Trade Friction）白皮书。
白皮书全文约3.6万字，除前言外，共包括六个部分，分别是中美经贸合作互利共赢、中美经贸关系的事实、美国政府的贸易保护主义行为、美国政府的贸易霸凌主义行为、美国政府不当做法对世界经济发展的危害、中国的立场。
Excluding the foreword, the 36,000-Chinese-character white paper is comprised of six parts, which are mutually-beneficial and win-win China-US cooperation in the trade and economic field, clarification of the facts about China-US trade and economic relations, the trade protectionist practices of the US administration, the trade bullyism practices of the US administration, damage of the improper practices of the US administration to global economy, and China's position.
这份白皮书引用了大量数据、事例、图表，其中绝大多数来自美国政府部门、跨国公司以及全球知名研究机构和学者专著，具有很强的说服力。其篇幅之长，在中国政府发布的白皮书中实属罕见。
白皮书用翔实的数据和案例澄清了中美经贸中的关键事实，有力驳斥了美国政府一系列站不住脚的论调，充分阐明了中国的立场和态度。
关于中美经贸摩擦，白皮书提出13个权威论断。下面双语君（微信ID：Chinadaily_Mobile）就来为你逐一梳理：
1
“美国吃亏论”站不住脚
中美建交以来，双边经贸关系不断发展，贸易和投资等合作取得丰硕成果，实现了优势互补、互利共赢。中国从中受益匪浅，美国也从中获得了广泛、巨大的经济利益，分享了中国发展带来的机遇和成果。
Economic and trade relations have developed steadily since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the US, with fruitful results achieved in trade and investment. China benefits remarkably from the strong synergy, while the US also reaps extensive economic benefits from the opportunities and results generated by China’s growth.
❶ 中美双方互为重要的货物贸易伙伴
➤ 美国对华出口增速明显快于其对全球出口。↓↓↓
➤ 中美双边贸易互补性强。
美国居于全球价值链的中高端，对华出口多为资本品和中间品，中国居于中低端，对美出口多为消费品和最终产品，两国发挥各自比较优势，双边贸易呈互补关系。↓↓↓
❷ 中美双边服务贸易快速增长
➤ 美国是中国服务贸易最大逆差来源地，且逆差快速扩大。↓↓↓
➤ 中国对美旅行服务贸易逆差不断扩大。
➤ 中国对美国支付知识产权使用费持续增加。↓↓↓
❸ 中美互为重要的投资伙伴
美国是中国重要外资来源地。
中国企业对美国直接投资快速增长，美国成为中国重要的投资目的地。
中国还对美国进行了大量金融投资。
❹ 中美双方均从经贸合作中明显获益
中美双方从经贸合作中获得巨大的经济利益，实现了互利共赢。
总体来看，中美经贸合作是一种双赢关系，绝非零和博弈，美国企业和国民从中得到了实实在在的好处，美国一部分人宣称的“美国吃亏论”是站不住脚的。
In general, China-US trade and economic cooperation is a win-win relationship and by no means a zero-sum game, bringing concrete benefits to US companies and people. Some Americans claim that the United States is “losing” in this relationship, a claim which does not stand up to scrutiny. 
2
将中美货物贸易不平衡的责任
归咎于中国不公平
➤ 不应仅看货物贸易差额片面评判中美经贸关系得失
中美货物贸易不平衡现象更多是美国经济结构和现有比较优势格局下市场自主选择的自然结果，解决这一问题需要双方共同努力进行结构性调整。
The imbalance of trade in goods between China and the US is more of a natural outcome of voluntary choices the US has made in economic structure and market in the light of its comparative strengths. To resolve this issue, both sides need to make concerted efforts in restructuring. 
第一，这是美国国内储蓄不足的必然结果。
第二，这是中美产业比较优势互补的客观反映。
第三，这是国际分工和跨国公司生产布局变化的结果。
第四，这是美国对华高技术产品出口管制的结果。
第五，这是美元作为主要国际货币的结果。
美国无视影响中美经贸关系的多方面因素，片面强调两国货物贸易不平衡现象，将责任归咎于中国，是不公平、不合理的。
The United States turns a blind eye to various factors in its trade and economic cooperation with China, singles out the imbalance of trade in goods, and blames China for the imbalance, which is unfair and unreasonable.
3
美国所谓“公平贸易”
将造成更大范围的不公平
现任美国政府强调的所谓“公平贸易”不是基于国际规则，而是以“美国优先”为前提，以维护美国自身利益为目标。
Unlike previous administrations, the incumbent administration emphasizes a “fair trade” that is not based on international rules but “America first”, or the protection of America’s own interests. 
美国所主张的“公平贸易”和“对等开放”，否定各国发展阶段、资源禀赋和优势产业的客观差异，无视发展中国家发展权，势必会对发展中国家经济和产业造成冲击，造成更大范围的不公平，最终也不利于美国企业扩大国际市场，分享发展中国家发展机遇。
The idea of “fair trade” and “reciprocal opening-up” advocated by the US ignores the existence of objective differences among countries in terms of stage of development, resources, and competitive industries, and ignores developing countries’ right to develop. It will create an impact on the economy and industries of the developing countries, result in broader inequality, and eventually prevent American businesses from expanding their international market share and sharing development opportunities in the developing countries.
4
所谓中国“强制技术转让”
完全是对事实的歪曲
中国改革开放以来，外国企业为了拓展新兴市场、节约生产支出、实现规模效益和延长技术获利时间，主动与中国企业建立合作伙伴关系，订立契约合同，把产能和订单向中国转移，这完全是基于商业利益的企业自愿行为。
Since the adoption of reform and opening-up, foreign enterprises have established partnerships with Chinese companies by voluntarily entering into contracts. They transferred production capacity and orders to China of their own volition so as to tap into the emerging market, save production costs, achieve economy of scale, and extend the term of profiting from technologies. These are voluntary behaviors based on business interests. 
不能因为中国企业的技术进步，就把原本双方自愿的交易活动歪曲为强制技术转让，这既不符合历史事实，也是对契约精神的背弃。
However, it accords with neither historical facts nor the spirit of contract to unjustly label bilateral transactions on a voluntary basis as forced technology transfer simply on the grounds of Chinese firms’ technological advances.
美国政府将外商投资企业通过订立商业合同与中国企业建立伙伴关系、转让或许可其技术、共同在中国市场上获得商业回报的自愿合作行为称为“强制技术转让”，完全是对事实的歪曲。
It is a complete distortion of the facts that the US administration labels as forced technology transfer the voluntary behaviors of FIEs to partner with Chinese companies, transfer or license technologies, and reap profits together in Chinese market by entering into business contracts. 
5
美国对中国知识产权保护的指责
有悖事实
中国在保护知识产权上的态度是明确而坚定的，在立法、执法和司法层面不断强化保护，取得了明显成效。
China’s attitude towards IPR protection is clear and firm. It has continued to reinforce protection through legislation, law enforcement and the judiciary, and achieved some notable successes. 
近期美国政府对中国知识产权保护的指责是有悖事实的，完全抹杀了中国保护知识产权的巨大努力与成效。
The recent accusations by the US administration about China’s IPR protection are unrealistic and completely dismissive of China’s tremendous efforts and achievements in this regard.
6
中国政府支持企业走出去
不是推动企业通过并购
获取别国先进技术的政府行为
与世界上其他国家和地区一样，中国政府支持有实力、有条件的企业，在遵守东道国法律法规和国际规则的前提下，对外投资和拓展国际市场，政府为企业对外投资合作提供便利化的服务。
Like other countries and regions in the world, the Chinese government supports able and competent companies in outbound investment and tapping into international markets, while obeying the laws and regulations of the host countries as well as international rules.
美国将中国政府支持企业走出去，判定为一种推动企业通过并购获取别国先进技术的政府行为，是缺乏事实依据的。
The arbitrary conclusion of the US that such support is a government act to acquire advanced technologies through commercial M&A is groundless.
7
美国存在大量投资贸易
限制政策和行为
美国存在大量扭曲市场竞争、阻碍公平贸易、割裂全球产业链的投资贸易限制政策和行为，有损以规则为基础的多边贸易体制，并严重影响中美经贸关系正常发展。
The numerous investment and trade restriction policies and actions adopted by the US that distort market competition, hamper fair trade, and lead to breakdowns in global industrial chains are detrimental to the rules-based multilateral trading system and severely affect the normal development of China-US economic and trade relations.
其中包括：
歧视他国产品
滥用“国家安全审查”，阻碍中国企业在美正常投资活动
提供大量补贴，扭曲市场竞争
使用大量非关税壁垒
滥用贸易救济措施
8
美国挑起国际贸易摩擦
最终必将损害美国长远利益
美国作为二战结束后国际经济秩序和多边贸易体制的主要建立者和参与者，本应带头遵守多边贸易规则，在世界贸易组织框架下通过争端解决机制妥善处理与其他成员国之间的贸易摩擦，这也是美国政府曾经向国际社会作出的明确承诺。
As the key builder of the international economic order and a major participant in the multilateral trading regime after the Second World War, the US should have taken the lead in observing multilateral trade rules and properly handling trade frictions with other WTO members through the dispute settlement system within the WTO framework. This is what the US government explicitly pledged to the international community.
但是，美国新政府上任以来，片面强调“美国优先”，奉行单边主义和经济霸权主义，背弃国际承诺，四面出击挑起国际贸易摩擦，不仅损害了中国和其他国家利益，更损害了美国自身国际形象，动摇了全球多边贸易体制根基，最终必将损害美国长远利益。
However, since taking office, with a narrow focus on “America First”, the new US administration has practiced unilateralism and economic hegemony, abandoned its international commitments, and provoked international trade friction around the world. This has not only undermined the interests of China and other countries, but also jeopardized the international reputation of the US itself. And above all, it has shaken the foundations of the global multilateral trading regime, which will ultimately hurt the long-term interests of the US.
9
美国采取的极端贸易保护措施
伤害全球经贸关系
美国政府采取的一系列极端贸易保护措施，破坏了国际经济秩序，伤害了包括中美经贸交往在内的全球经贸关系，冲击了全球价值链和国际分工体系，干扰了市场预期，引发国际金融和大宗商品市场剧烈震荡，成为全球经济复苏的最大不确定因素和风险源。
The US government has taken extreme trade protectionist measures, which have undermined the international economic order, caused damage to China-US trade and trade relations around the world, disrupted the global value chain and the international division of labor, upset market expectations, and led to violent swings in the international financial and commodity markets. It has become the greatest source of uncertainty and risk for the recovery of the global economy.
10
中国有信心、有决心、有能力
应对各种风险挑战
对于贸易战，中国不愿打、不怕打、必要时不得不打。
China does not want a trade war, but it is not afraid of one and will fight one if necessary.
我们有强大的经济韧性和广阔的市场空间，有勤劳智慧、众志成城的中国人民，有国际上一切反对保护主义、单边主义和霸权主义的国家支持，我们有信心、有决心、有能力应对各种风险挑战。
We have a highly resilient economy, an enormous market, and the hard-working, talented and united Chinese people. We also have the support of all countries in the world that reject protectionism, unilateralism and hegemony. We have the confidence, resolve and capability to meet all risks and challenges.
任何外部因素都不可能阻止中国发展壮大。
No external factor will hold back China’s development.
11
中美经贸关系健康稳定发展
为国际社会所期待
中美经贸摩擦事关全球经济稳定与繁荣，事关世界和平与发展，应该得到妥善解决。
Trade friction between the two countries should be properly resolved as it bears on global economic stability and prosperity as well as world peace and development. 
中美和则两利，斗则俱伤，双方保持经贸关系健康稳定发展，符合两国人民根本利益，符合世界人民共同利益，为国际社会所期待。
For China and the US, cooperation can lead to mutual benefits while confrontation will do no good to anyone. The sound and steady development of China-US economic and trade relations is in the fundamental interests of the two peoples and the common interests of people across the globe, and is what the international community expects of us.
12
中国开放的大门不会关闭，
只会越开越大
改革开放是中国的基本国策，也是推动中国发展的根本动力。
Reform and opening-up are China’s basic policies, and provide fundamental driving force for its development.
中国改革的方向不会逆转，只会不断深化。中国开放的大门不会关闭，只会越开越大。
China will not reverse course, but only deepen its reform. China will not close its door to the world, but only open wider.
中国继续按照既定部署和节奏，坚定不移深化改革、扩大开放，全面推进依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。
Following the plans made and pace set, China will stay firmly committed to deepening reform and widening opening-up, advance the rule of law across the board, and build a socialist country under the rule of law.
13
中国顺大势、行正道，
坚定不移维护多边贸易体制
得道多助，失道寡助。
“A just cause enjoys abundant support while an unjust one finds little support.” 
面对不确定不稳定不安全因素增多的国际形势，中国不忘初心，始终与世界同行，顺大势、担正义、行正道，坚定不移维护多边贸易体制，坚定不移推动全球治理体系变革，始终做世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者，坚定不移推动构建人类命运共同体。
In a world of increasing uncertainty, instability and insecurity, China will remain true to its original aspiration, follow the trend of the times, shoulder its responsibility for justice, and pursue the greater good. It will unswervingly safeguard the multilateral trading system, press forward with the reform of global governance, promote world peace, contribute to global development, uphold international order, and build a community with a shared future for mankind.
附双语全文链接：
【中文】关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场（白皮书全文）
【英文】Full Text: The Facts and China's Position on China-US Trade Friction
编辑：李雪晴 左卓
来源：人民日报 新华社 国际在线
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