电影作为现成品——既得影像电影的基本模式与美学特征┆《北京电影学院学报》
电影作为现成品
——既得影像电影的基本模式与美学特征
明朝
中国传媒大学经济与管理学院2018级硕士研究生
摘 要:本文从纪录片、剧情片和实验电影等多个角度切入,对既得影像电影的概念、历史和代表作品进行了回顾与梳理,在此基础上划分出既得影像电影的四种基本创作模式:纪录型、诗意型、论文型和伪装型。文章进而分析了既得影像电影的美学特征,包括貌似“缺席”的电影作者身份,艺术创作和接受过程的语境化,以及电影作为一种“抵抗”行为的潜能。
关键词:既得影像 编纂电影 现成品 拼贴 挪用
《蜻蜓之眼》(Dragonfly Eyes,2017)海报
《刺杀肯尼迪》(Zapruder Film of Kennedy Assassination,1963)静帧
《机械芭蕾》(Ballet Mécanique,1924)静帧
《一部电影》(A Movie,1958)静帧
《女巫布莱尔》(Blair Witch Project,1999)静帧
《完美电影》(Perfect Film,1986)静帧
《原子咖啡厅》(The Atomic Café,1982)海报
《世界的旋律》(Melodie der Welt,1929)法国海报
《爱情最终剪:女士们先生们》(Final Cut: Hölgyeim és uraim,2012)静帧
《纳粹的入侵》(The Nazi Strike,1943)静帧
《灰熊人》(Grizzly Man,2005)剧照
《灵动:鬼影实录》(Paranormal Activity,2007)静帧
秩序之点(Point of Order,1964)海报
《从极点到赤道》(From the Pole to the Equator,1987)
《汤姆,汤姆,风笛手之子》(Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son,1969)静帧
责任编辑:刘洋
注释
[1](法)吉尔·德勒兹著.谢强,蔡若明,马月译.电影2:时间-影像[M].长沙:湖南美术出版社,2004:444.
[2]Paul Arthur.The Status of Found Footage[J]. Spectator:The University of Southern California Journal of Film and Television , 1999, 20(1):57-69.
[3]Alexandra Heller-Nicholas. Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance of Reality[M].Jefferson:McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2014:13.
[4]Eli Horwatt. A Taxonomy of Digital Video Remixing:Contemporary Found Footage Practice on the Internet[A].Iain Robert Smith, ed. Cultural Borrowings: Appropriation,Reworking, Transformation [C]. Nottingham: Scope: An Online Journal of Film and Television Studies, 2009:76-91.
[5]William C . Wees . Found Footage and Ques t ions of Representation[A]. Found Footage Film [A]. Cecilia Hausheer & Christoph Settele,eds. Luzern:Viper/Zyklop, 1992:37. Cited from: Alexandra Heller-Nicholas,Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance
of Reality[M]. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.,Publishers, 2014:14.
[6]Giovanna Fossati. Found Footage Filmmaking, Film Archiving and New Participatory Platforms[A]. Marente Bloemheuveletal.,eds.Found Footage:Cinema Exposed[C].Amsterdam:Amsterdam University Press,
2012:177-184.
[7]事实上,“工作与时日”(Works and Days)本身也是弗兰普顿对古希腊诗人赫西俄德(Hesiod)的一首史诗的标题的挪用。
[8]Adrian Danks.The Global Art of Found Footage Cinema[A].Linda Badley et al., eds. Traditions in World Cinema [C].Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006:241-253.
[9]Dziga Vertov. Kino-Eye [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985:17-18.
[10]Patrik Sjöberg.The World in Pieces: A Study of Compilation Film[M]. Stockholm: Aura Florlag, 2001:25.
[11]许多人将叶斯菲里·舒布视为第一位编纂电影作者。不过,在电影诞生初期的一些新闻短片中,“编纂”的观念已经得到了实践。此外,埃德温·S·鲍特(Edwin S. Porter)加入爱迪生公司(Edison Company)后,便获得了大量接触库存胶片的机会。根据正统电影史的描述,正是通过钻研和实验这些既得影像,鲍特才研发出相较他的前辈(如梅里爱)更为纯熟和流畅的叙事性剪辑技巧。不仅如此,日后奠定鲍特美国电影先驱地位的《一个美国消防员的生活》(Life of an American Fireman, 1903),便使用到了爱迪生公司库存的胶片素材。关于编纂电影的历史,可以参考Jay Leyda,Films Beget Films: A Study of the Compilation Film[M].New York: Hill and Wang, 1971.
[12]Erik Barnouw. Documentary: A History of Non-Fiction Film[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993:198.
[13]Michael Atkinson.Collective Preconscious[J].Film Comment, 1993, 29(6):79.
[14]William C. Wees. Recycled Images: The Art and Politics of Found Footage Films[M]. New York: Anthology Film Archives, 1993:11.
[15]Paul Arthur. Bodies, Language, and the Impeachment of Vision: American Avant-Garde Film at Fifty[J].Persistence of Vision, 1995(11):5-32.
[16]Alexandra Heller-Nicholas.Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance of Reality[M]. Jefferson:McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2014:13-14.
[17]Jane Roscoe & Craig Hight.Faking It:Mock-Documentary and the Subversion of Factuality[M]. Manchester:Manchester University Press, 2001:2.
[18]张净雨. 弹窗惊魂:桌面电影中的主体、他者与世界[J]. 电影艺术:2019(1):35-40.
[19]Catherine Zimmer.Surveillance Cinema[M].New York: New York University Press, 2015:1.
[20]Catherine Zimmer.Surveillance Cinema[M].New York: New York University Press, 2015:76-77.
[21] William C. Wees. Recycled Images: The Art and Politics of Found Footage Films[M].New York: Anthology Film Archives, 1993:23.
[22]以2019年威尼斯双年展的金狮奖得主亚瑟·贾法(Arthur Jafa)为例,其作品常常杂糅了新闻报道、电影片段和视频网站上用户自行上传的各种短片,然而又是以音乐视频的形式来加以组织的。
[23]Paul Arthur.The Status of Found Footage[J].Spectator:The University of Southern California Journal of Film and Television, 1999, 20(1):57-69.
[24]Nicole Brenez.Cartographie du Found Footage [EB/OL].http://lucdall.free.fr/workshops/IAV07/documents/foundfootage_n_brenez.pdf,2019-08-15.
[25]Neil McRobert. Mimesis of Media: Found Footage Cinema and the Horror of the Real [J].Gothic Studies,2015,17(2):137-150.
[26]David Bordwell.Return to Paranormalcy[EB/OL]. http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2012/11/13/return-to-paranormalcy, 2019-08-15.
[27] Therese Grisham et al. Roundtable Discussion: The Post-Cinematic in Paranormal Activity and Paranormal Activity2 [EB/OL]. https://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/post-cinema/7-1-grisham-leyda-rombes-shaviro/?pdf=119, 2019-08-16.
[28]( 美)苏珊·桑塔格著. 黄灿然译. 论摄影[M]. 上海:上海译文出版社,2008:5-6.
[29] Ken Jacobs. Perfect Film[EB/OL]. https://lux.org.uk/work/perfect-film, 2019-08-14.
[30] William C. Wees. Recycled Images: The Art and Politics of Found Footage Films [M]. New York: Anthology Film Archives, 1993:7-8.
[31]Conelrad.Atomic Cafe:History Done Right[EB/OL]. http://www.conelrad.com/jayne_loader.html, 2019-08-14.
[32]Dietrich Scheunemann.Expressionist Film:New Perspectives[M].New York: Camden House, 2003:245-246.
[33]David Bordwell&Kristen Thompson.Film Art: An Introduction, 8th edition[M].New York: McGraw-Hill,2008:370.
[34]Frank Capra.The Name above the Title: An Autobiography[M].New York: Macmillan, 1971:331.
[35]Paul Arthur.Essay Questions From Alain Resnais to Michael Moore[J].Film Comment , 2003, 39(1):58-62.
[36]Eric Dewberry.Conceiving Grizzly Man through the “Powers of the False”[EB/OL].https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/scope/documents/2008/june-2008/dewberry.pdf,2019-08-19.
[37]Alexandra Heller-Nicholas.Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance of Reality[M].Jefferson:McFarland &Company, Inc.,Publishers, 2014:13-14.
[38](美)林达·威廉姆斯著.单万里译.没有记忆的镜子——真实、历史与新纪录电影[A].单万里.记录电影文献[C].北京:中国广播电视出版社,2001:576-593.
[39]“虐杀电影”(Snuff Film)是“极端电影”(Extreme Cinema)的一种极端形式。它试图通过展示直露的性爱和暴力场面来挑战审查制度和社会道德的底线,还常常自称记录下了真实发生的谋杀与死亡画面——尽管这种宣传的真实性非常值得怀疑。见Annette Kuhn &Guy Westwell. A Dictionary of Film Studies[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012:152.
[40]“安全片”(Safety Film)是美国俄亥俄州的高速公路安全基金会(Highway Safety Foundation)在20世纪50年代和60年代制作的一系列的行车安全警示教育片,由于在搬演危险情境时用到了交通事故的真实录像,所以被海勒-尼古拉斯视为既得影像电影的一个前身。见Alexandra Heller-Nicholas. Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance of Reality[M]. Jefferson: McFarland & Company,Inc., Publishers, 2014:42-57.
[41]Alexandra Heller-Nicholas. Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance of Reality[M].Jefferson: McFarland &Company, Inc., Publishers, 2014:6-9.
[42](法)亚历山大·阿斯特吕克著.刘云舟译.摄影机—自来水笔:新先锋派的诞生[A].杨远婴.电影理论读本[C].北京:北京联合出版社,2017:222.
[43](美)安德鲁·萨里斯著.米静译.1962年的作者论笔记[A].杨远婴.电影理论读本[C].北京:北京联合出版社,2017:234.
[44]Michael Atkinson. Collective Preconscious[J].Film Comment,1993,29(6):78.
[45]Adrian Danks.The Global Art of Found Footage Cinema[A].Linda Badley et al.,eds.Traditions in World Cinema [C].Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006:241-253.
[46]YouTube网站十分重视保护影视作品的版权,然而网络用户私自上传的《秩序之点》一直没有被平台下架。或许是因为影片实在太像公共领域的档案影像了,以至于YouTube网站的维护者也没把它视为一部电影作品。
[47]郭共达(Kogonada)是一位韩国裔的美籍影像创作者,通过在网络上发布制作精良的视频论文而得到关注,并在2013年后成为《视与听》(Sight&Sound)和标准收藏公司(The
Criterion Collection)的长期视频作者。2017年,郭共达转入长片创作,至今已完成两部剧情长片。
[48]Scott Meslow. 12 Years After “Blair Witch”, When Will the Found-Footage Horror Fad End?[EB/OL].http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/12-yearsafter-blair-witch-when-will-the-found-footage-horror-fadend/250950/, 2019-08-16.
[49]Sean Smith. Curse of the Blair Witch[EB/OL].https://www.newsweek.com/curse-blair-witch-125931,2019-08-16.
[50]Neil McRobert. Mimesis of Media: Found Footage Cinema and the Horror of the Real[J].Gothic Studies, 2015,17(2):137-150.
[51]Harold Love.Attributing Authorship: An Introduction[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002:40-50.
[52]麦里克和桑奇兹把《女巫布莱尔》的制作方式描述为“方法派导演”(Method Filmmaking)——这个名称或许来源于“方法派表演”(Method Acting)。麦里克这样解释他们的创作:“在这部电影里既没有导演,也没有剧组成员,更没有人拿着摄影机拍摄演员;演员们在自己拍摄自己,因此拍摄的过程似乎也成为了电影中的一个角色,而这正是我们的目的。我们不希望让演员意识到有人正拿着相机拍摄他们。”见Alexandra Heller-Nicholas, Found Footage Horror Films: Fear and the Appearance of Reality[M].Jefferson:McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2014:97.
[53]Joseph S. Walker. Mom and the Blair Witch: Narrative, Form and the Feminine[A]. Sarah L. Higley & Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, eds. Nothing That Is: Millennial Cinema and the Blair Witch Controversies [C]. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004:164.
[54]Rick Prelinger.We Have Always Recycled[EB/OL].https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/rick-prelinger-we-have-always-recycled,2019-08-16.
[55]沈语冰.格林伯格之后的艺术理论与批评[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版):2010(2):104-112.迈克尔·弗雷德在他研究狄德罗时代的绘画与观众的著作中,把“专注性”视为代表着“剧场性”的洛可可艺术的对立面。通过分析18世纪上半叶夏尔丹、格勒兹等画家作品中的人物,弗雷德总结道:狄德罗关于绘画的终极理想“体现在一个至高无上的假定——即观众并不存在上。”见Michael Fried.Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of Diderot[M].Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988:103.
[56](德)德索著.杨建国译.静观艺术品[A].周宪.艺术理论基本文献:西方当代卷[C].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2014:59.
[57]卢文超.是欣赏艺术,还是欣赏语境?——当代艺术的语境化倾向及反思[J].文艺研究:2019(11):28-36.正如德·迪弗所说,杜尚把我们过去对绘画的认知引向了更加开阔的经验领域:“《泉》说到了艺术,或者促使人们在与艺术的联系中说到了艺术。我们已经从特殊转到一般,这个过程是名字上的一种转换。离开画家,加入艺术家,加入一般艺术家”。见(比)德·迪弗著.沈语冰,张晓剑,陶铮译.杜尚之后的康德[M].南京:江苏美术出版社,2014:163.
[58]巫鸿.作品与展场:巫鸿论中国当代艺术[M].广州:岭南美术出版社,2005:295.
[59]William C. Wees.Recycled Images:The Art and Politics of Found Footage Films[M]. New York: Anthology Film Archives, 1993:93.
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版权声明:以上内容为用户推荐收藏至CareerEngine平台,其内容(含文字、图片、视频、音频等)及知识版权均属用户或用户转发自的第三方网站,如涉嫌侵权,请通知[email protected]进行信息删除。如需查看信息来源,请点击“查看原文”。如需洽谈其它事宜,请联系[email protected]。