作者 | 胡月奕 清华大学J.M. candidate
一审 | 邓雅元 复旦大学法学院本科
二审 | 汪晨涵 复旦大学法律硕士
编辑 | 王妮茜 新疆农业大学本科
         仲飞宇 西安外国语大学本科
责编 | 李薇 浙江工商大学本科
原案名:Foskett v. McKeown and Others
判决日期:2000年5月18日
案号:[2000] 3 All ER 97
1.案件事实及程序经过
本案的上诉人是一群以在葡萄牙购买土地为目的而订立合同的人们,他们经商决定购买资金由Timothy Murphy以信托的方式持有,直至土地开发完成。但最终土地并未开发,当初的购买资金也被Timothy Murphy挥霍殆尽。
1986年11月6日,Timothy Murphy签署了总额为10万英镑的终身寿险保单,年保费为10,200英镑。1986年至1990年的11月,他先后支付了五笔保费。其中1988年的保费来源尚存争议,但可以确定的是1986年和1987年的保费是Timothy Murphy自费支付的;而1989年和1990年总计20,440英镑的保费,是由Timothy Murphy从本案上诉人处挪用的土地购买款支付的。终身保单的指定受益人是他的妻子(从中获益比例为十分之一)和他的三个孩子(从中获益比例共为十分之九)。
(图片来源于网络)
1991年3月9日,Timothy Murphy(以下简称Murphy)自杀身亡。保险公司支付了1,000,580.04英镑。本案实质上是作为上诉人的土地购买者和作为被上诉人的Murphy的孩子们(保单的受益人)之间的纠纷。上诉人主张其有权获得保单收益的40%,被上诉人辩称上诉人仅有权拿回作为保费的20,440英镑,而无权获得保单收益。
值得一提的是,该保单还具有投资属性,因此有如下规定:在1987年11月支付第二笔保费后,投资收益将被用于支付人寿保险费用(出自保单第4条规定)。如果未支付第三笔保费,该终身寿险保单将转换为已缴足的保单,投资收益将用于每年支付人寿保险费用,直至所有投资收益都消耗完毕,而一旦没有投资收益,保单则丧失死亡赔付或退保价值(出自保单第10条规定)。由此可知,即使Murphy没有支付1989年和1990年的保费,其子女从保险公司处获得的保单收益还和原来一致。被上诉人据此主张上诉人无权获得保单收益的40%。
上诉法院多数意见(Richard Scott V.-C. and Hobhouse L.J.)认为,鉴于该终身寿险的投资属性,原告(即上诉人)有权获得被用于支付第四和第五笔保费的土地购买金(共计20,440英镑)及利息,但无权按比例分享保单收益。上议院以3比2的微弱多数认为,购买者有权获得保单收益。然而对于购买者份额的计算方式,多数意见也存在分歧;其中,Millett大法官的意见在本案中发挥重要作用。
2. 争议焦点及案件意义
通说认为,本案争议焦点是上诉人是否有权按照比例分享保单收益。本案涉及对财产法、保险法和不当得利原则的讨论,因此具有重大意义:首先,该案确立了一个重要原则,即对涉及非法挪用信托基金支付保费的案件,索赔人有权将被挪用的基金追踪至自保单产生的收益。本案中的原告有权按照被挪用的资金占购买保险单的投资比例,获得相应的保险金赔付;其次,在案件裁判的过程中,两位大法官提出了消除“追踪”在普通法和衡平法上的差异的意见;最后,上议院对此案的判决包含了关于衡平法所有权与不当得利原则之间关系的重要意见。
(图片来源于网络)
在下文中,笔者将具体呈现本案的两个关键细节问题:其一,普通法和衡平法上财产“追踪”的区别,以及是否需要将这两种“追踪”统一起来?其二,原信托财产形式的变化;
3.普通法和衡平法上的财产“追踪”
就追踪信托财产而言,“追踪”的权利源自于衡平法。但在普通法下,当事人也可以利用“追踪”进行救济,只是普通法上“追踪”的性质不同于衡平法的“追踪”。在本案中,上诉法院强调,普通法上的“追踪”不是一种救济,而是一种程序;具体而言,它只是发现财产、明确实现请求权的途径,在完成“追踪”的过程后才能获得救济。在何宝玉的《信托法原理与判例》一书中,作者指出,与衡平法的追踪相比,适用普通法的追踪救济存在两方面重要限制:(1)普通法不承认衡平法权利或权益,信托受益人依普通法不能追踪受托人。(2)要有效适用普通法追踪,需要追踪的财产必须处于某种可以确认的形式,即可以辨认出财产本身或其产品,因为普通法追踪要保护的是对财产的直接占有权[1]。
Millett大法官对此问题发表了以下重要意见,同时他释明了“追踪”(tracing)和“跟踪”(following)的区别:
The process of ascertaining what happened to the plaintiffs' money involves both tracing and following. These are both exercises in locating assets which are or may be taken to represent an asset belonging to the plaintiffs and to which they assert ownership. The processes of following and tracing are, however, distinct. Following is the process of following the same asset as it moves from hand to hand. Tracing is the process of identifying a new asset as the substitute for the old. Where one asset is exchanged for another, a claimant can elect whether to follow the original asset into the hands of the new owner or to trace its value into the new asset in the hands of the same owner. In practice his choice is often dictated by the circumstances. In the present case the plaintiffs do not seek to follow the money any further once it reached the bank or insurance company, since its identity was lost in the hands of the recipient (which in any case obtained an unassailable title as a bona fide purchaser for value without notice of the plaintiffs' beneficial interest). Instead the plaintiffs have chosen at each stage to trace the money into its proceeds, viz. the debt presently due from the bank to the account holder or the debt prospectively and contingently due from the insurance company to the policy holders.
“查明原告资金去向的过程包括资产追踪(tracing)和资产跟踪(following)。上述两程序都是在寻找属于或可能属于原告以及他们主张所有权的资产。但是,追踪(tracing)和跟踪(following)有明显区别。跟踪(following)是一个跟踪同一笔资产几易其手的过程;而追踪(tracing)则是一个定位新资产取代旧资产的过程。当一笔资产向另一笔资产转移时,索赔人可以选择跟踪(following)新所有人手中的原始资产,亦可以选择追踪原始资产(tracing)在转化为同一所有人手中的新资产后的价值。在实践中,选择追踪(tracing)还是跟踪(following)往往视情况而定。在本案中,原告并不寻求在购买资金到达银行或保险公司后继续跟踪(following),因为它作为购买资金的表现形式在接受者手中消失了,取而代之的是保险费这一表现形式(购买资金接受者在没有注意到原告的实际权益的情况下,作为一个善意购买人获得了对该笔资金不可动摇的所有权)。相反,原告在每个阶段都选择将钱追踪(tracing)到它的收益中,这笔钱可以表现为银行目前应付给账户持有人的债务,或保险公司未来应付给保单持有人的债务。”
(图片来源于网络)
We speak of tracing money into and out of the account, but there is no money in the account. There is merely a single debt of an amount equal to the final balance standing to the credit of the account holder. No money passes from paying bank to receiving bank or through the clearing system (where the money flows may be in the opposite direction). There is simply a series of debits and credits which are causally and transactionally linked. We also speak of tracing one asset into another, but this too is inaccurate. The original asset still exists in the hands of the new owner, or it may have become untraceable. The claimant claims the new asset because it was acquired in whole or in part with the original asset. What he traces, therefore, is not the physical asset itself but the value inherent in it.
“我们谈论追踪(tracing)银行帐户中的钱,以及自银行账户进出的钱。但银行帐户中并没有实际的钱,而是只有一笔金额等于帐户持有人贷方的最后帐面余额的债务。并没有钱从付款银行流向收款银行或流经清算系统。简而言之,只有一系列在因果关系和交易关系中相联系的贷方和借方。我们也谈论追踪某一资产到另一资产,但该表述同样不精确。原始资产仍存在于新的所有人手中,或者它已无法被追踪。索赔人对新的资产主张权利,是因为此资产的全部或其中一部分是以原资产为对价而取得。因此我们可以认为,原告所追踪的不是原始资产实体本身,而是其固有的价值。”
(图片来源于网络)
Tracing is thus neither a claim nor a remedy. It is merely the process by which a claimant demonstrates what has happened to his property, identifies its proceeds and the persons who have handled or received them, and justifies his claim that the proceeds can properly be regarded as representing his property. Tracing is also distinct from claiming. It identifies the traceable proceeds of the claimant's property. It enables the claimant to substitute the traceable proceeds for the original asset as the subject matter of his claim. But it does not affect or establish his claim. That will depend on a number of factors including the nature of his interest in the original asset. He will normally be able to maintain the same claim to the substituted asset as he could have maintained to the original asset. If he held only a security interest in the original asset, he cannot claim more than a security interest in its proceeds. But his claim may also be exposed to potential defences as a result of intervening transactions. Even if the plaintiffs could demonstrate what the bank had done with their money, for example, and could thus identify its traceable proceeds in the hands of the bank, any claim by them to assert ownership of those proceeds would be defeated by the bona fide purchaser defence. The successful completion of a tracing exercise may be preliminary to a personal claim (as in El Ajou v. Dollar Land Holdings [1993] 3 All E.R. 717) or a proprietary one, to the enforcement of a legal right (as in Trustees of the Property of F.C. Jones & Sons v. Jones [1997] Ch. 159) or an equitable one.
“因此,资产追踪(tracing)既不是一种请求权,也不是一项救济措施。它只是一个索赔人借此证明其财产发生了什么的过程。通过这一过程,索赔人可以确定其财产产生的收益、以及处理或接受这些收益的人,并通过证明这些收益被视为其财产的正确性,从而正当化其主张;资产追踪也有别于索赔(claiming),其确定了索赔人财产产生的可追踪收益,使索赔人能够用可追踪的收益替代原始资产作为其索赔的标的,但这并不能直接确立或影响其主张。确立或影响其索赔的因素包括索赔人在原始资产中享有权益的性质。如果原始资产仅在形式上发生改变,本可以就原始资产提出索赔请求的索赔人,通常能够维持对替代资产的索赔。如果索赔人只持有原始资产的担保权益,则索赔额度不能超过担保权益。但是,其索赔也可能会因介入的交易而面临潜在的抗辩。例如,即使原告能够证明银行对其资产采取的操作,并且能够确定在银行处的可追踪收益,原告对收益所有权的任何主张还是会被善意购买人的抗辩所击败。成功完成资产追踪程序可能是债权索赔(如El Ajou v. Dollar Land Holdings案)或物权索赔、执行普通法权利(如Trustees of the Property of F.C. Jones & Sons案)或衡平法权利的第一步。”
(图片来源于网络)
Given its nature, there is nothing inherently legal or equitable about the tracing exercise. There is thus no sense in maintaining different rules for tracing at law and in equity. One set of tracing rules is enough.
“鉴于其性质,资产追踪(tracing)本身并不天然具有普通法或衡平法属性。因此,在普通法和衡平法上维持不同的资产追踪(tracing)规则是没有意义的,只需要一种资产追踪(tracing)规则就足够了。”
4. 原信托财产形式的变化
普通法资产追踪的一个限制条件是,追踪的财产必须可以辨认。“一旦两个人的货币混在一起,普通法就不能辨认出货币的原主了[2]”,这说明混合财产在普通法上无法得到救济。而衡平法追踪也有一个类似的限制条件,即财产必须以某种形式存在。但衡平法出于正义和良心,会审慎判断追踪目标财产在形式上发生的变化,进而裁量是否给予救济。如果受托人错误地将原始财产和自己的财产混合到一起,衡平法认为一般可以使用追踪程序救济。在本案中,Millett大法官对涉案原始财产(即土地购买金)变化形式的论述如下:
This is a textbook example of tracing through mixed substitutions. At the beginning of the story the plaintiffs were beneficially entitled under an express trust to a sum standing in the name of Mr. Murphy in a bank account. From there the money moved into and out of various bank accounts where in breach of trust it was inextricably mixed by Mr. Murphy with his own money. After each transaction was completed the plaintiffs' money formed an indistinguishable part of the balance standing to Mr. Murphy's credit in his bank account. The amount of that balance represented a debt due from the bank to Mr. Murphy, that is to say a chose in action. At the penultimate stage the plaintiffs' money was represented by an indistinguishable part of a different chose in action, viz. the debt prospectively and contingently due from an insurance company to its policyholders, being the trustees of a settlement made by Mr. Murphy for the benefit of his children. At the present and final stage it forms an indistinguishable part of the balance standing to the credit of the respondent trustees in their bank account.
“这是一个追踪替代原始资产的混合基金的教科书示例。一开始,原告依据一项明示信托,对Murphy先生名下银行账户中的一笔钱款享有信托受益权,该笔钱款即为原本用于购买土地的资金。后,这笔钱款在不同的银行账户中进出。Murphy先生违反明示信托要求,将这笔钱款与他自己的钱款不可分割地混在一起。在每笔交易完成后,原告的钱成为了Murphy先生的银行账户中不可区分的余额部分,该余额代表了银行应付给Murphy先生的债务,也即一种无形资产。在倒数第二个阶段,原告的钱款成为另一项无形资产中不可区分的部分,即一家保险公司对其保单持有人,即Murphy先生为其子女的利益所做保险投资的受托人的或有债务。在最后阶段以及当前,这笔钱款构成了被告受托人在其银行账户中贷方余额的一个不可区分的部分。”
(图片来源于网络)
5. 总结
本案是衡平法中的重要判例,对涉及受托人违反信托义务后的受益人应如何获得衡平法追踪的救济问题展开精彩论述。本文因篇幅所限,仅对其中所涉及Millett大法官针对普通法和衡平法上的财产追踪程序和涉案财产形式的论述展开翻译,对其中所涉及的如衡平法所有权和不当得利的关系并未展开讨论。在此欢迎读者阅读判例原文,从中一睹衡平法的灵活圆融之美。
引用
[1][2]均转引自何宝玉:《信托法原理与判例》,中国法制出版社2013年版。
判决原文:https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2000/29.html
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