译者：朱哿 北京大学国际法学院
         廖昭旭 加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学本科
         胡月奕 清华大学外文系本科、法学辅修
审稿：Kristing  BJTU LL.B.
         毛雨嫣 中国政法大学硕士
编辑：陈宣颖 西南政法大学本科
责编：王冰子 烟台大学本科
文章来源：
The Supreme Court's abortion ruling shifts legal battles to state courts
https://www.npr.org/2022/06/27/1108071679/abortion-state-courts-louisiana-utah
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The Supreme Court's abortion ruling shifts legal battles to state courts
美联邦最高法院堕胎判决将法律斗争转移到州法院
NEW ORLEANS — Judges temporarily blocked abortion bans Monday in Louisiana and Utah, while a federal court in South Carolina said a law restricting the procedure after six weeks of pregnancy would take effect there immediately as the battle over the fall of Roe v. Wade shifted from the nation's highest court to courthouses around the country. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision Friday to end constitutional protection for abortion opened the gates for a wave of litigation, as one side sought quickly to put statewide bans into effect and the other tried to stop or at least delay such measures. Much of Monday's court activity focused on "trigger laws," adopted in 13 states that were designed to take effect swiftly upon last week's Supreme Court ruling. Additional lawsuits could also target old anti-abortion laws that were left on the books in some states and went unenforced under Roe. Newer abortion restrictions that were put on hold pending the Supreme Court ruling are also coming back into play."We'll be back in court tomorrow and the next day and the next day," Nancy Northup, president and CEO of the Center for Reproductive Rights, which argued the case that resulted in the high court ruling, said Friday.
新奥尔良当地时间6月27日，法官暂时阻止了路易斯安那州和犹他州的堕胎禁令，而南卡罗来纳州的一家联邦法院表示，随着罗伊诉韦德案的败诉，一场关于堕胎的斗争从国家最高法院转移到全国各地的法院，一项限制怀孕六周后堕胎的法律将在那里立即生效。美国联邦最高法院作出的终止宪法对堕胎保护的决定，为一波诉讼浪潮打开了大门，一方试图迅速将全州的禁令付诸实施，另一方则试图阻止或至少推迟此类措施。当日的法庭活动主要集中在13个州通过的“触发法”上，这些法律旨在为了在最高法院的裁决后迅速生效；更多的诉讼也可能针对一些州的旧反堕胎法（也称“僵尸法”），这些法律在罗伊法案下没有得到执行。在最高法院裁决前被搁置的新堕胎限制也将重新发挥作用。生殖权利中心（Center for Reproductive Rights）总裁兼首席执行官南希·诺瑟普（Nancy Northup）在判决当日表示："我们明天、后天、再后天都会回到法庭。”
本文接下来将针对各州法律斗争中涉及的“触发法”、“僵尸法”及“赏金法案”问题进行讨论。
The Supreme Court decision is expected to result in years of litigation in state courts
州法院立场与“触发法”诉讼
In Friday's ruling, the Supreme Court left it to the states to decide whether to allow abortion. "The expectation is that this will result in years of legislative and judicial challenges," said Jonathan Turley, a professor at the George Washington University law school.
在6月24号的判决中，最高法院将是否允许堕胎的决定权留给了各州。乔治华盛顿大学法学院(George Washington University law school)教授乔纳森·特利(Jonathan Turley)表示:“人们预计，这将导致数年的立法和司法挑战。”许多学者担心这将导致数年的立法和司法挑战。针对这一裁决，各个州有关堕胎的相关法律条款都收到了不同程度上的影响。目前在堕胎政策上，各个州之间大体上可以分出三大阵营。
一、设有触发法（trigger laws）的州，
(触发法指的是在通过之后无法被强制执行, 但是随着环境发生关键性变化可强制执行的法律。在堕胎方面, 触发法禁止了堕胎，但受到之前罗伊诉韦德案件的保护，堕胎权此前一直是一项受联邦保护的权利。因此，各州所制定的触发法在罗伊诉韦德案件被推翻前均无法限制女性的堕胎权。)
目前包括肯塔基、路易斯安那、密西西比在内的13个州设置有触发法。触发法禁止了堕胎行为，并且将会在罗诉韦德案被推翻后立即生效。部分设有触发法的州可能有30天的过渡时间。
二、基于胚胎发育的阶段，限制堕胎行为的州
许多州会以能否检测到胚胎心跳为标准来评定女性能否接受堕胎。这意味着女性在怀孕的6周之后将不能被允许进行堕胎。目前采用该项政策的州包括佐治亚，爱荷华和田纳西州等。
个别州在判断胚胎发育的阶段上也纯在着一些不同。譬如，在密苏里州能够合法进行堕胎的女性不能怀孕超过8周，佛罗里达州的要求是15周，而蒙大拿和北卡罗来纳州则将其限制在20周以内。
三、仍然保护女性堕胎权利的州
在许多民主党领导的州中，女性的堕胎权依然可以得到法律保护，目前共有16个州包括加州，纽约州，罗德岛，华盛顿州，科罗拉多州，康乃狄克州，和华盛顿特区依旧认可女性拥有合法堕胎的权利。
As of Saturday, abortion services had stopped in at least 11 states — either because of state laws or confusion over them. In some cases, the lawsuits may only buy time. Even if courts block some restrictions from taking hold, lawmakers in many conservative states could move quickly to address any flaws cited. That's likely to be the case in Louisiana. The plaintiffs in the lawsuit filed in state court don't deny that the state can now ban abortion. Instead, they contend Louisiana now has multiple, conflicting trigger mechanisms in the law. They also argue that state law is unclear on whether it bans an abortion prior to a fertilized egg implanting in the uterus. And while the law provides an exception for "medically futile" pregnancies in cases of fetuses with lethal abnormalities, the plaintiffs noted the law gives no definition of the term.
截至6月25日，由于州法律或者对当前形势的困惑，至少有11个州已经暂停了堕胎服务。在某些情况下，诉讼可能只能延缓政策开展的时间。 即使法院阻止某些限制生效，许多保守州的议员也可以迅速采取行动，解决所提到的任何缺陷。路易斯安那州很可能就是这样，在州法院提起的诉讼中，原告并不否认该州现在可以禁止堕胎。他们认为路易斯安那州现在在法律中有多种相互冲突的触发机制。他们还认为，州法律不清楚是否禁止在受精卵植入子宫前进行堕胎。 虽然该法律为医学上无效的妊娠提供了例外，但原告指出，该法律没有对该术语进行定义。 
Now that the high court has ruled that the U.S. Constitution does not guarantee the right to an abortion, abortion rights groups are seeking protection under state constitutions. Challenges to trigger laws could be made on the grounds that the conditions to impose the bans have not been met, or that it was improper for a past legislature to bind the current one.
James Bopp Jr., general counsel for the National Right to Life Committee, said the wave of suits from abortion rights advocates is not surprising. "We know that the abortion industry has basically unlimited funds, and its allies have basically unlimited funds, and of course they're fanatical about abortion on demand throughout pregnancy," Bopp said in an interview.
But he said that that the Supreme Court ruling should preclude abortion rights supporters from prevailing in any federal challenges. And he called efforts based on state constitutions "fanciful."
最高法院已经裁定美国宪法不保障堕胎的权利，堕胎权利组织正在寻求各州宪法的保护。触发法可以基于以下理由制定：实施禁令的条件尚未满足，或者过去的立法机构约束当前的立法机构是不合适的。 
全国生命权利委员会的总法律顾问小詹姆斯·波普(James Bopp Jr.)表示，堕胎权利倡导者的诉讼浪潮并不令人意外。博普在一次采访中说：我们知道，堕胎行业基本上有无限的资金，它的盟友基本上也有无限的资金，当然，他们在女性整个怀孕期间都狂热地要求堕胎。但他也提到，最高法院的裁决应该阻止堕胎权支持者在任何联邦级别的挑战中获胜。 他称基于州宪法的努力是不切实际的。 
“僵尸法”与“赏金法案”
如前所述，若“罗伊诉韦德案（Roe v. Wade）”被推翻，女性自由终止妊娠的权利将不再受到宪法保护。各州将自行决定堕胎是否合法，这极有可能会带来一个堕胎政策地方化、两极化的新格局。
One legal actions target old anti-abortion state laws that were unenforced under Roe, known as "zombie laws." Still other cases could be filed as states try to sort out whether abortion bans in place before Roe was decided — sometimes referred to as "zombie laws" — apply now that there is no federal protection for abortion.
“僵尸法”指因罗伊案而失效的原各州堕胎禁令，随着罗伊案被推翻，“僵尸法”成为了争论堕胎权的战场之一。既然堕胎权已不被联邦宪法保护，各州试图通过提起其他诉讼的方式，解决在罗伊案前颁布的堕胎禁令（“僵尸法”）是否应该得到适用之问题。
For instance, Wisconsin passed a law in 1849 banning abortions except to save the life of the mother. Attorney General Josh Kaul, a Democrat, said he does not believe it is enforceable. Abortion opponents have called on lawmakers to impose a new ban. In the meantime, Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin said it immediately suspended all abortions.
例如威斯康辛州于1849年明令禁止除了为挽救孕母生命之外的堕胎行为。该州检察总长、民主党人乔什·考尔（Josh Kaul）表示，他不认为1849年的这部僵尸法（目前）是可执行的。堕胎反对者也相应呼吁立法者颁布新的堕胎禁令。与此同时，威斯康辛州计划生育联合会表示，他们会立即暂停所有的堕胎手术。
In Michigan, Planned Parenthood challenged a 1931 abortion ban ahead of last week's Supreme Court ruling. In May, a judge said the ban could not be enforced because it violates the state's constitution. Abortion rights supporters are now trying to get a proposed state constitutional amendment on the ballot in November to protect abortion and birth control.
而密歇根州计划生育联合会早在最高法院对罗伊案作出裁决前，就对1931年的堕胎禁令提出了质疑。今年5月，该州一位法官表示，该禁令违反了州宪法，因而不具有可执行性。支持堕胎者现在正试图让该州在11月对一份州宪法修正案草案进行投票，以达到保护堕胎权和控制生育之目的。
关于堕胎的“赏金法案”所引发的各州间对抗也在持续。
Idaho, Oklahoma and Texas have adopted laws that allow people to seek bounties against those who help others get abortions. It is an open question as to whether that means people can be pursued across state lines, and legal challenges over the issue are likely to come up in cases of both surgical abortions and those involving medicine mailed to patients.
爱达荷州、俄克拉荷马州和得克萨斯州通过了一项法案，允许民众主动举报、起诉那些协助或者教唆女性堕胎的人以获取高额赏金。关于“赏金猎人”是否可以跨州追捕的问题尚无定论。诸如手术堕胎和通过邮件获取堕胎药的情况，也让该法案面临着法律上的挑战。
Robert L.Tsai和Mary Ziegler在《纽约书评》中指出，早在1705年，蓄奴州就颁布了法律，鼓励人们抓捕逃跑的奴隶，并对抓捕行为给予奖赏。这一做法给黑人群体带来了巨大创伤，并引发各州相继推出反制法案，保护该州居民免受“赏金猎人”的伤害。而在今天，相似的情况可能会再次上演。[1]
The California Legislature, controlled by Democrats, passed a bill Thursday to shield abortion providers and volunteers in the state from civil judgments imposed by other states. In liberal Massachusetts, Gov. Charlie Baker, a Republican, signed an executive order Friday that prohibits state agencies from assisting other states' investigations into anyone who receives a legal abortion in Massachusetts. Rhode Island's Democratic governor said he would sign a similar order.
在由民主党控制的加州，立法机构于罗伊案被推翻的同日通过了AB1666法案，以保障在加州的堕胎提供者和志愿者们免遭援引他州法例提出的民事诉讼影响。在相对自由的马萨诸塞州，共和党州长查理·贝克（Charlie Baker）签署了一项行政命令，禁止州机构协助他州调查任何在马萨诸塞州接受合法堕胎的人。在罗得岛州，民主党州长表示他将签署类似的行政命令。
笔者以为，德州等颁布的“赏金法案”不难让人联想到《使女的故事》中，关于使女的行踪和举动会受到眼目（his eyes）监视的描写。这一法案将对孕妇的直接攻击转嫁至堕胎组织和志愿者网络，从而达到有效禁止堕胎之效果。其带来的巨大副作用包括允许公民以“私人执法者”的身份监视他人行动，甚至去刺探医疗信息和私人通信，从而加剧私人冲突和社会分裂。如果一个庞大的监视网络就此形成，将会对美国民意的统合极其不利。
[1] The New Abortion Vigilantism. https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/09/23/texas-abortion-vigilantism
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