枯藤老树昏鸦,空调WiFi西瓜,葛优同款沙发,夕阳西下,我就往那一趴。对很多同学来说,夏天就是用来躺的。然而又有很多同学,趁着这个暑假读一本好书、写几篇文章、报个英语学习班,不知不觉中拉开了与别人间的差距。这期的《经济学人》就有几篇文章从更宏观、更专业的视角研究了我们习以为常的漫长暑假,没想到身边的小事也充满了大学问。
这期推送选自《经济学人》2018年8月11日的International版块,题目叫Summer holidays: School’s out,本段主要分析了过长暑假所带来的影响。我们先听音频、读原文:
①The impact appears to vary by socioeconomic class. ②Many poor children fall behind their wealthier peers over the holidays. ③“Summer is the most unequal time of the year,” says Matthew Boulay of the National Summer Learning Association, an American NGO. ④Well-off parents can fill the gap left by school, keeping their children stimulated with summer camps, trips abroad or private tuition. ⑤Poorer families, obviously, find this harder. ⑥Demand for subsidised “enrichment” activities often outstrips supply. ⑦Mr Boulay recalls meeting a mother in Oregon who queued for four hours to enroll for free swimming lessons for her son.

精读
本段共有七句话,结构上是总分的结构,主要讲了漫长的暑假对贫富造成的不同程度的影响,关键词为vary by socioeconomic class或unequal。
①The impact appears to vary by socioeconomic class.
漫长的暑假对不同的社会经济阶层所造成的影响不同。
①句统领全段,点明本段主旨:
The impact appears to vary by socioeconomic class.

The impact指“漫长暑假所带来的影响”;appear to...相当于seem to...,貌似,表示一种推测,使语气更加委婉。
vary by socioeconomic class的意思是“因社会经济阶层的不同而不同”,vary属于英语十大经典用词之一,意思是to be different from each other in size, shape, etc. 相异,有别,相当于differ。写作中我们经常会用到这么一个俗不可耐的句子:
Different people have different opinions.
用vary升级一下:
Opinions vary from person to person.
by在这里表示“根据、按照”,可以理解成according to,比如常见的 by the standard of...,按照...的标准。
socioeconomic class指“社会经济阶层”,也就是“贫富阶层”,socioeconomic=social+economic.

②Many poor children fall behind their wealthier peers over the holidays.
暑假期间,很多贫困孩子便被富裕的同龄人甩在了后面。
②句是对①句vary by socioeconomic class的解释:poor children fall behind their wealthier peers,①②句之间可画等号。

fall behind...相当于lag behind...,意思是“落后于...,被...甩在了后面”,如果是“被...甩了好几条街”,我们可以说:fall(lag) well/far behind.
wealthier peers指“更富有的孩子”,peer是“同龄人”的意思,这里为了避免重复,用peer来指代children。Peer有一个常见的搭配:peer pressure,意思是“同辈压力”,也就是你妈经常在你耳边念叨的“别人家的孩子怎么怎么样”,2012年的第一篇考研阅读理解就专门谈到了peer pressure这个话题。
英语中,为了避免重复,我们常用peer来指代身份或地位相同的人,比如第四期课程中我们精读了一篇“沉迷手机导致抑郁”(高频写作话题)的《经济学人》文章,里面有这么一句话:
It is possible that another force is behind the increased diagnosis of depression among adolescents, and that sad teenagers are more likely than their happy peers to seek refuge in their phones.
或许,抑郁少年增多另有原因,也可 能抑郁少年更喜欢在手机里寻找慰藉。
作者这里用happy peers来指代happy teenagers.
第四期还写过一篇线上教育的作文,也是高频写作话题,同样用到了peer:
Third, online universities outperform their offline peers by providing more flexible courses.
第三,比起线下大学,网络大学能提供更灵活的课程。
over the holidays表示“在假期期间”,over有during的意思,表示“在...期间”,比如over lunch 午饭期间,over the New Year 新年期间。

③“Summer is the most unequal time of the year,” says Matthew Boulay of the National Summer Learning Association, an American NGO.
美国非政府组织国家夏季学习协会的Matthew Boulay说:“夏季是一年中最不平等的时间。”
③句通过直接引用,对②句进行总结、概括,内容上我们可以把①②③句之间画等号。前三句反反复复就说了一件事:贫富差异,重复出现的内容就是文章重点。
unequal点明了漫长的暑假所带来的负面影响之一,是全段的核心词汇,是对vary by socioeconomic class更简洁、更具体的概括。

①-③句是段落的主旨层面,④-⑦便围绕主旨具体展开。
④Well-off parents can fill the gap left by school, keeping their children stimulated with summer camps, trips abroad or private tuition.
有钱的父母可以填补学校留下的空白,用夏令营、海外旅行、课外补习给自己的孩子充电。
④句讲了富裕家庭的孩子在暑假期间是怎么度过的,为⑤句作铺垫。
这句话的主干为Well-off parents can fill the gap left by school。
Well-off表示“富裕的”,和上文的wealthy是同义替换,也可以用rich, affluent, deep-pocketed来替换。
fill the gap left by school指“填补学校留下的空白”,left by school是过去分词作后置定语,补充成从句的形式是:fill the gap that is left by school.
keeping their children stimulated with summer camps, trips abroad or private tuition是现在分词作状语。
keeping their children stimulated with...可以理解成“用...给他们的孩子充电”,stimulate的意思是 to make sth develop or become more active; or to encourage sth. 词典中给出的中文解释是“刺激、促进”,但我们可以根据英文释义和语境翻译成“充电”。
private tuition指“私人补习、课外补习”。Tuition常见的意思是“学费”,也可以说成tuition fees;但这里是熟词僻义,表示 teaching, especially in small groups(尤指对小组的)教学,讲课,辅导。举个例子:
I had to have extra tuition in maths.
我不得不上数学补习课。
在高频写作话题“大学生应如何规划好时间”的写作中,我们可以借用这个句子:
In order to..., we can keep ourselves stimulated with summer camps, trips abroad or private tuition during summer holidays.
为了...,我们可以在暑假期间参加夏令营、出国旅行、报班来给自己充电。

⑤Poorer families, obviously, find this harder.
很明显,贫困家庭这样做便很困难。
⑤⑥⑦句转而写贫困家庭的情况,⑤句为总领句。
Poorer family指“贫困家庭”,我们也可以说disadvantaged/deprived family,或者用下一段出现的hard-up family:
In countries where some children receive free school meals, summer means bigger grocery bills for hard-up families.
在一些国家,孩子们吃学校里的免费午餐,放暑假则意味着贫困家庭的日常开支增加。
find sb/sth+adj./n. 是外刊中常出现的一个表达套路,意思是to have a particular feeling or opinion about sth,写作中可以替换think/believe/feel等词,让语言更地道。我们把文中句子改一下:
Poorer families, obviously, think/feel this is harder.
再举个例子:
You may feel it hard to accept your illness.
You may find it hard to accept your illness.(it为形式宾语。)
也可以说:
You may find your illness hard to accept.
最后举两个find sb sth+n.的例子:
I used to find it a strain to meet new people.
我曾经和生人见面总感到局促不安。 
You may find it a financial strain to have a lengthy summer holiday.
过长的暑假可能会让你感到经济压力。

⑥Demand for subsidised “enrichment” activities often outstrips supply.
对补贴“充实”活动的需求通常超过供给。
⑥句对⑤句的harder进行解释。
这句话的主干为:Demand (for...) often outstrips supply. (对...的)需求通常超过供给。
outstrip的意思是to become larger, more important, etc. than sb/sth比…大(或重要等),超过,胜过。Demand outstrips supply便是“供不应求”的意思。
for subsidised “enrichment” activities修饰demand,指“对补贴‘充实’活动的需求”,“enrichment” activities指的就是④句中提到的夏令营、出国旅行、报班。

⑦Mr Boulay recalls meeting a mother in Oregon who queued for four hours to enroll for free swimming lessons for her son.
布雷回忆说,他在俄勒冈州遇到一位母亲,这位母亲为了给儿子报名免费游泳课程,排了四个小时的队。
⑦句通过举例子,对⑥句的demand outstripes supply进行补充说明。
这句话的主干为:Mr Boulay recalls meeting a mother in Oregon
布雷回忆说,他在俄勒冈州遇到一位母亲。
后面接了个定语从句,介绍这位母亲的作为:who queued for four hours to enroll for free swimming lessons for her son.
这位母亲排队数小时,为了给儿子报名免费的游泳课。
enroll(enrol)的意思是to arrange for yourself or for sb else to officially join a course, school, etc.(使)参加,后面可以跟介词in/on/for,举个例子:
I decided to enroll for/in/on Soren's intensive reading course.
我决定参加Soren的精读课程。
⑤⑥⑦句是依次顺承、相互解释、补充的关系。
最后我们把这一段的结构梳理一遍:
①句总领,指出漫长暑假所带来的负面影响因阶层的不同而不同,暗示了贫富差异。②③句进一步明确vary by socioeconomic class的含义,把全段内容浓缩为一个词:unequal。
④句讲的是富人在暑假期间的活动,为略写;⑤⑥⑦讲的是穷人在暑假期间的活动,着重体现其困难,为详写,其中⑤句总领⑥⑦句,⑥⑦句是对⑤句的展开。

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暑假余额已不多,你的情敌早在充电,而你还在空调WiFi西瓜?抓住夏天的尾巴,和我们一起畅读《经济学人》吧!
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