与生俱来的美国公民身份

华裔黄金德（Wong Kim Ark）于1873年在旧金山出生。随后他回中国探亲，返程回美国时却被拒绝入境，理由是他不是美国公民。

在United States诉Wong Kim Ark.169 US, 674,667, 702一案中，美国最高法院确认宪法第十四修正案公民条款遵循“既定的”和“在领土内出生即获公民身份的古老规则”以及效忠国家原则 - “每位出生在美国并受其管辖的人，可以立即成为美国公民，而不需要归化入籍。”

最高法院指出，“没有任何立法的、行政的或司法的权力”能从任何方面“取代或限制在领土内出生即获公民身份这条古老规则”。

最高法院在Wong Kim Ark中进一步指出：“有两件事情通常可以创造公民身份：第一，在主权统治的领土上出生；第二，并受其管辖。169 U.S. at 659

 该案件通过重申而明确了美国的出生地主义普通法。“第十四修正案明确了国会无权限制出生的效力，这是由宪法宣布的，其构成了分和完整的公民权利。”

因此，特朗普总统欲通过行政命令达成目标，早在130年前联邦最高法院已经给出了不可能的答案。我个人认为他所说的仅仅是政治言论，最终不会得到法庭支持。

特朗普的努力旨在激励他的支持者在下周中期选举给他投票。他言辞苛刻、带攻击性的推文也显示了这一点，他将那些人道主义难民称为入侵者。他们现在距离美国边境1000多英里，路上要花好几个月的时间，但是总统试图再次利用他2016年当选的政治策略和声明赢得选票。移民和移民问题是总统正在使用的政治足球，他的言论毫无事实基础，就是为了吓唬人们以支持他的政党和议程。

Born in San Francisco in 1873 to Chinese nationals, Wong Kim Ark had been denied reentry to the United States following a trip to China on the ground that he was not a U.S. citizen.

The Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark. 169 U.S. at 674, 667, 702 confirmed that the Fourteenth Amendment Citizenship Clause follows the “established” and “ancient rule of citizenship by birth within the dominion” and allegiance of the nation—that “[e]very person born in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, becomes at once a citizen of the United States, and needs no naturalization.”

The Supreme Court stated that “there is no authority, legislative, executive, or judicial” which “superseded or restricted, in any respect, the established rule of citizenship by birth within the dominion.”

The Supreme Court further stated in Wong Kim Ark: “Two things usually concur to create citizenship: First, birth locally within the dominions of the sovereign; and, secondly, birth within the protection and obedience, or, in other words, within the allegiance, of the sovereign.” 169 U.S. at 659.

The case made clear by reaffirming the common law jus soli in the United States.

“The fourteenth amendment . . . has conferred no authority upon congress to restrict the effect of birth, declared by the Constitution to constitute a sufficient and complete right to citizenship.”).

Therefore, the President’s threat to do by Executive Order what the Supreme Court said over 130 years ago could not be done, is my opinion simply political rhetoric that will fail eventually in the courts.

The President’s efforts are aimed at riling his supporters to vote for his candidates during the mid-terms this coming week.  This is shown by his caustic and belligerent tweets aimed at the humanitarian refugees he calls invaders coming to the US. They are more than a 1000 miles from the US Border and maybe months away, but the President is engaging in political tactics and statements that got him elected in 2016.  Immigrant and immigrant issues are a political football that the President is using, without any truth to his alleged claims, to scare people into supporting his political party and agenda. 

美国锐明文泽律师事务所