每天后台都能收到很多私信,希望我能开专四专八/四六级/考研的作文班。我主要有两个考量,一是写作一定要和阅读同步进行,纯写作班的效果不大,如何把阅读和写作更有效地结合起来?
二是我们现在已经两套课程了:「外刊精读写作 7-14期」和「考研阅读精讲」,没有精力再开一门新课。

琢磨了一段时间,我想出了一个还不错的形式:就某个热门写作话题,搜集主流外刊中的报道,提炼语言和观点,整合成一篇推文,帮助大家在阅读中提高写作。总之就是干货满满,可以通篇背诵,欢迎大家拿出小本本记笔记。
今天我们选的话题是#线上教育#
选择理由:教育领域和科技领域的交叉话题,又贴合疫情期间上网课的时事热点。
今天的文章包括四部分:
  1. 如何介绍线上教育?
  2. 线上教育有哪些优势?
  3. 线上教育有哪些不足?
  4. 如何评价线上教育?(概括总结)

一、如何介绍线上教育?

我们先来看外刊是如何介绍线上教育的:
Distance education is nothing new, but these days it is hard to escape hyperventilation about its latest incarnation: MOOCs, or "massive open online courses". (the Economist, 2013.10)
远程教育并不是什么新鲜事,但近来人们对它的最新形态——慕课(大规模在线开放课程)的谈论之声不绝如缕
Distance education指“远程教育、线上教育”。
hard to escape hyperventilation about...的字面意思是:很难逃脱掉关于...的hyperventilation.
hyperventilation由“hyper-”和“ventilation”组合而成,hyper-作为前缀,表示“more than normal”"too much"(过于、过度),比如 hypercritical (=too critical) 吹毛求疵的,hypersensitive (=too sensitive) 过于敏感的。
ventilation表示“通风”,比如很多新冠肺炎患者要接受呼吸机治疗,我们可以说:
Many of the Covid-19 patients are ventilated.(被通气、被用呼吸机治疗)
合起来hyperventilation就是“过度通风”的意思,通常引申为因恐惧、疲惫或兴奋而呼吸急促,文中可理解成人们对某事狂热、兴奋的氛围,比如现在人人都在谈论5G,就可以说 hyperventilation about 5G.
incarnation有点宗教色彩,词典里的解释是“化身”,其实就是某种形态,阅读中可简单理解成form。文中 its latest incarnation = its latest form = 远程教育的最新形态。
所以,it is hard to escape hyperventilation about its latest incarnation的意思就是:很难逃脱掉关于远程教育最新形态(慕课)的激动氛围、人们对远程教育最新形态(慕课)的谈论之声不绝如缕。
提炼出一个开头模板:
XX is nothing new, but these days it is hard to escape overexcitement about its latest form: YY.(我把一些难词替换成了简单词)
造句:Distance education is nothing new, but these days it is hard to escape overexcitement about its latest form: Ding Talk.(钉钉)

另一篇《经济学人》中谈到了线上教育的普及:
Internet-based methods of teaching, known as Massive Online Open Courses or MOOCs, are already gaining in popularity in other countries. (the Economist, 2014.9)
基于网络的教学方法,即所谓的大规模在线开放课程(慕课),已经在其他国家越来越受欢迎
Internet-based methods of teaching也是“线上教育、网络教育”的意思,和 distance education 是同义替换。
gain in popularity字面意思是“在流行度方面有所增加”,即“越来越受欢迎”(become more popular),可当成一个固定搭配记住。
外刊中也有 gain popularity 的说法,意思稍有不同,它表示 become popular (没有more的含义)。

As the coronavirus pandemic forces schools and college campuses to go online, the delivery model of education — largely unchanged for centuries — has suddenly been disrupted. (New York Times, 2020.4)
随着新冠疫情迫使学校和大学开启网络教学,几个世纪以来都没有变化的教育交付模式,突然被颠覆
go/move online是一个很简单、但我们想不到去用的表达,它的意思是“到线上、到网络上”,schools go/move online或courses are moved online 就可以理解成“网络教学”。
此外也可以说 conduct courses remotely/online,出自9月份的一期《时代周刊》:
如果是“线下教学”“传统教学”该怎么说呢?可以考虑用in-person lectureson-campus learningclassroom-based education等等。
文中这句话的主干是:the delivery model of education — largely unchanged for centuries — has suddenly been disrupted.
主语为 the delivery model of education 教育的交付模式,即以什么形态提供教育。
largely unchanged for centuries是V-ed形式的后置定语,修饰主语,意思是“几百年没怎么变化的教育交付模式”。
谓语部分是has suddenly been disrupted 突然被颠覆。
disrupt是近几年外刊中经常出现的词,和change属同类词,但比change的程度更深,一般表示“翻天覆地的变化、颠覆”,比如无人驾驶汽车disrupt传统汽车行业,乔布斯的苹果disrupt诺基亚。你要说change也可以,但欠缺点力度。

二、线上教育有哪些优势?

我们看一下线上教育有哪些优势:
①Good, cheap online education will allow people of all walks of life all over the world to explore an enormous range of topics. ②Interested secondary school students will have no reason not to take university courses in economics. ③Middle-aged professionals can dabble in everything from computer science to explorations of 18th century Baltic poetry. (the Economist 2014.2)
①优质、廉价的在线教育将使世界各地、各行各业的人士能够探索各种各样的课题。②感兴趣的中学生没有理由不去参加大学的经济学课程。③中年专业人士可以涉足各类学科,从计算机科学,到探索18世纪的波罗的海诗歌。(《经济学人》2014.2)
本段共③句话,讲了线上教育的几个优势:优质、廉价、人群广、课题广。其中①句概述了以上优势,②③句分别举了中学生和中年教授的例子来补充说明。
这段话的语言不错,我们一起看一下:
①Good, cheap online education will allow people of all walks of life all over the world to explore an enormous range of topics.
这句话的结构是:allow sb to do sth,使某人能够做某事,比如《经济学人》中关于社交媒体的报道中,有这么一句话:
It seems to be a blessing, for it allows us to keep up with the world at any time.
社交媒体是一种福报,因为它能让我们随时跟上世界的步伐。
文中的sb指people of all walks of life all over the world,这里面people是核心名词,后面 of all walks of life 和 all over the world 是两个定语,修饰people。
walk在这里是个熟词僻义,名词,a walk of life 是它的固定搭配,表示 a person's job or position in society 阶层、职业地位,比如:
She has friends from all walks of life. 
她在社会各界中都有朋友。
所以 people of all walks of life all over the world 的意思就是:世界各地、各行各界的人。
文中的do sth指explore an enormous range of topics
an enormous range of...“大量”,体现出课题范围之广。
我们再来看②句:
②Interested secondary school students will have no reason not to take university courses in economics.
secondary school students指“中学生”(11-18岁),西方教育分为三级,分别是:
elementary (美) / primary (英) education 小学教育
secondary education 中学教育
tertiary education 高等教育
will have no reason not to take 是一个双重否定的用法,表达肯定含义,即:有充分的理由参加...
最后看③句:
③Middle-aged professionals can dabble in everything from computer science to explorations of 18th century Baltic poetry.
这句话主要记住两个表达:dabble in,表示“涉足、涉猎”,表达的是一种不求甚解的学习体验,“但当涉猎,见往事耳”就是这个意思。
everything from... to...表达范围宽广的含义,可以翻译成“...和...等诸多东西”,体现出线上教育的课题之广泛。我们在「外卖」小课中举过一个例子:
The development of AI is fuelling concerns about everything from job losses to privacy infringement.
人工智能的发展引发人们的担忧,比如岗位流失、隐私侵犯等诸多问题。
②③两句通过列举中学生和中年教授的例子,体现出群体多样性,呼应了①句的people of all walks of life all over the world.

Students will soon find that for very low prices they can get a much broader array of course choices, most of which offer superior instruction with much more flexibility: you can view the lectures when you want, as many times as you want, wherever you want. (the Economist 2014.2)
学生们很快就会发现,他们能以极低的价格获取更多的课程选择,其中大多数课程都能提供更好的指导,而且灵活性更强:你可以在任何时间、任何地点、反复学习课程。
这段话点明了线上教育的四个优势:
  1. for very low prices 价格极低;
  2. a much broader array of course choices 课程选择更多;
  3. offer superior instruction 提供更优质的指导;
  4. with much more flexibility 灵活性更强。
for very low prices 和前面的 cheap 是同义替换;
a much broader array of...表示“更加广泛的...”,an array of...是个固定搭配,表示“大量的”,可以联想到前面的an enormous range of...;
offer superior instruction 指“提供更优质的指导”,即课程质量高,是前面good的同义替换。
线上课程的灵活性体现在哪里呢?后面连用三个从句补充解释:
  1. when you want 无论什么时候想学就能学;
  2. as many times as you want 想学多少遍就学多少遍;
  3. wherever you want 无论在哪想学就能学。
这也是我们做线上不做线下、做文字不做语音视频的原因,线上可反复学习,文字可自由掌控进度、随时随地学习——等人、等餐、课间、洗手间打开就能学,把零碎时间利用起来,日积月累就是一座山。

Veronique writes that she prefers online learning because her eighth-grade classrooms were poorly managed and rife with distraction. (New York Times, 2020.5)
维罗妮克写道,她更喜欢在线学习,因为她八年级的教室管理不善,而且分心东西太多。
这句话阐述了线上教育的另一个优势:比起教室,线上学习分心的东西少。
be rife with 同 be full of,表示“充斥、充满”,后面一般接坏事,比如,
The country is rife with bribery and corruption.
distraction指“使人分心的事情”。

再来一个转折句:
While distance learning has some advantages, such as fewer distractions and a go-at-your-own-pace approach, the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. (New York Times, 2020.5)
虽然远程教育有一些优点,比如干扰更少、可以按自己的节奏学习,但它的缺点更多
讲两个表达,第一个是 go-at-your-own-pace,它本是一个动词词组go at your own pace 以自己的节奏走,在中间加上连字符就变成了形容词,意思是“按照自己节奏的”。
第二个是outweigh,它是由“out-”和weigh合成,表示to be greater or more important than sth,比如:
The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
利远大于弊。
The medical benefits of x-rays far outweigh the risk of having them.
X光在医学上的益处远甚于它带来的风险。
从例句中我们可以get√到两个写作表达:advantages outweigh disadvantages, the benefits outweigh the risks.
文中这句话还是一个完美的转折结构,写作中可以直接套用:
While XX has some advantages, such as A and B, the disadvantages outweigh the benefits.
那线上学习存在哪些弊端呢?我们继续来看:

三、线上教育有哪些不足?

《经济学人》在讲传统教育的优势时,是这么说的:
There is a high level of interaction between students and with top faculty. (the Economist, 2014.2)
学生之间、学生和顶尖教师之间有高水平的互动
between students 和 with top faculty 是并列关系,前者指“学生之间”,后者指“(学生)和教师之间”。
faculty是指一个学校或院系的“全体教师”,比如a faculty meeting 全体教师会议。
我们可以由此反推出线上教育的劣势:
There is a lack of high levels of interaction between students and with top faculty.

Distance learning makes collaboration with classmates difficult. My school promotes a learn-by-teaching technique: To fully understand a concept, our teachers ask us to explain it to the class. Other students challenge my thoughts and ideas and help make them better. (New York Times, 2020.5)
远程学习使同学间合作变得困难。我的学校提倡以教为学的技巧:为了充分理解一个概念,老师要求我们向全班讲解。其他同学通过挑战我的想法和观点,使观点更加完善。
learn-by-teaching technique指“通过教学来学习的方法”,即“以教为学”。这其实是物理学家费曼提出的一个学习方法,比如一个概念,你先自己弄懂,然后讲给别人听,在讲的过程中不断检测并强化自己的学习效果,这能让我们的记忆更深刻、理解更透彻。这是迄今为止最高效的学习方法。
在英语学习中我们也可以“以教为学”,比如看完这篇推文、记完笔记,你试着向同学朋友讲一讲你学到了什么,看看能不能讲出来。如果你能把一个知识点讲出来,说明你真正掌握了。
不要吝啬知识,多分享才能进步。

但线上教育还带来一个问题——不是所有的家庭都有通畅的网络,贫困家庭的网络差一点,学习效果就会打折扣,《经济学人》中有一组数据:
Then there is the problem of access to online classes. Nearly half of Native American pupils and 35% of black and Hispanic ones do not have access to either a computer or the internet at home, compared with 19% of whites. (the Economist, 2020.8)
此外还有能否上网课的问题。近一半的美国土著学生、35%的黑人和西班牙裔学生家里没有电脑或互联网,而白人的这一比例为19%。

因此,线上教育会导致不平等加剧:
Disruptions to schooling tend to lower achievement while increasing inequality. (the Economist, 2020.8)
网课可能会降低学生成就,加剧不平等。
access是外刊和各大考试中经常出现的一个小词,意思是the opportunity or right to use sth or to see sb / sth (使用或见到的)机会/权利。阅读中,我们可以把 have access to sth 当成一个语块记住,表示“有...可用”,比如 have access to a car / a computer / the internet 有车可开,有电脑用,能上网。
Disruptions to schooling字面意思是“对学校的颠覆”,文中指“线上教育”。disruption是disrupt的名词形式,表示“对...的颠覆”时,用介词to。

But she neglects the reality that it advantages some students over others and exacerbates existing societal inequities. (New York Times, 2020.5)
但她忽略了一个事实:线上教育使一些学生比其他学生更有优势,并加剧现有的社会不平等
注意这里的advantage是动词,advantage A over B 表示“使A比B有优势”。
exacerbate是“加剧”的意思,exacerbate inequities同上文的increase inequality 加剧不平等。
existing是形容词,表示“现有的”,比如:
New laws will soon replace existing legislation. 

新法律即将取代现行法规。

四、如何评价线上教育?(概括总结)

It is only really helpful as an add-on to regular in-school learning. (New York Times, 2020.5)
当线上教育作为常规在校教育的补充时,它才有作用。
这句话中有一个很好用的表达:an add-on to sth “...的补充”,也可以说 be/as a supplement to sth,关于 电子书VS纸质书、人工智能VS人类 的话题中,我们都可以用到这个表达:
XX, as a(n) add-on / supplement to YY, will not replace YY.
XX作为YY的补充,无法取代YY。(这里的两个YY尽量用同义替换的方式表达)
in-school learning指“在校学习、线下教育”,我们前面讲过它的同义替换。
这句话是科技类写作的万能金句,阐明了新旧两种事物之间的关系。

It is wonderful that technology has enabled millions of students to keep learning even when direct contact is impossible. But once this crisis ends, we will be better off if technology frees up precious class time so that educators and students can engage deeply with each other and build personal connections that will last a lifetime. (New York Times, 2020.4)
科技使数百万学生能够在无法直接接触的情况下继续学习,这真是太棒了。但一旦这场危机(指新冠疫情)结束,如果科技能腾出宝贵的课堂时间,让教育者和学生能够深入交流,建立持续一生的人际关系,我们的日子将会更好
free up指为某种目的而腾出(时间/资源等),比如:
The government has promised to free up more resources for education. 
政府保证调拨更多资源用于教育。
文中frees up precious class time so that...就可以理解成:腾出宝贵的课程时间,以便于...
这段话既点明了新事物的好处(It is wonderful that...),又点明了其局限性(we will be better off if...),一正一反,全面客观。

敲黑板

  • “线上教育”怎么说:
    Distance education
    Internet-based methods of teaching
    schools go/move online
    courses are moved online
    conduct courses remotely/online

  • “线下教育”怎么说:
    in-person lectures
    on-campus learning
    classroom-based education
    in-school learning
  • 如何介绍“线上教育”
    gain (in) popularity
    XX is nothing new, but these days it is hard to escape overexcitement about its latest form: YY.
    As XX, YY — largely unchanged for centuries — has suddenly been disrupted.
  • 线上教育的优势:
    优质(good、offer superior instruction)
    廉价(cheap、for very low prices)
    人群广(people of all walks of life all over the world)
    课题广(an enormous range of topics、a much broader array of course choices)
    灵活(with much more flexibility)
    分心少(classrooms were poorly managed and rife with distraction、fewer distractions)
    节奏自由(a go-at-your-own-pace approach)
  • 线上教育的劣势
    无法互动合作(a lack of high levels of interaction、make collaboration with classmates difficult)
    加剧不平等现象(increase inequality、exacerbate inequities)
  • 进行评价、总结
    新旧事物的关系:an add-on / supplement to...
    总结利弊:It is wonderful that... But we will be better off if...
吐血整理,希望能帮到你们,加油
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