「全麻」，真的会让孩子变傻？

《作者简介》

路遥，解放军总医院第四医学中心,骨科四肢修复重建外科，主治医师，师从于我国著名创伤骨科专家杨润功教授，硕士研究生。今日头条健康真相官，悟空问答签约作者，中老年妇女之友。

主攻方向：四肢复杂骨折、骨与关节感染、畸形、缺损修复与重建。

参考文献：

1. Rabbitts JA, Groenewald CB, Moriarty JP, Flick R. Epidemiology of ambulatory anesthesia for children in the United States: 2006 and 1996. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1011.

2. Tzong KY, Han S, Roh A, Ing C. Epidemiology of pediatric surgical admissions in US children: data from the HCUP kids inpatient database. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2012; 24:391.

3. Bjur KA, Payne ET, Nemergut ME, et al. Anesthetic-Related Neurotoxicity and Neuroimaging in Children: A Call for Conversation. J Child Neurol 2017; 32:594.

4. Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, et al. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci 2003; 23:876.

5. Istaphanous GK, Loepke AW. General anesthetics and the developing brain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22:368.

6. Raper J, Alvarado MC, Murphy KL, Baxter MG. Multiple Anesthetic Exposure in Infant Monkeys Alters Emotional Reactivity to an Acute Stressor. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:1084.

7. Coleman K, Robertson ND, Dissen GA, et al. Isoflurane Anesthesia Has Long-term Consequences on Motor and Behavioral Development in Infant Rhesus Macaques. Anesthesiology 2017; 126:74.

8. McCann ME, de Graaff JC, Dorris L, etal. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general anaesthesia orawake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international, multicentre,randomised, controlled equivalence trial. Lancet. 2019 Feb16;393(10172):664-677.

9. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. 2016.

10. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm554634.htm.

11. ractice Advisory: FDA warnings regarding use of general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. December 21, 2016.

12. Consensus Statement on the Use of Anesthetic and Sedative Drugs in Infants and Toddlers. 2015.

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