忏悔录 Confessions | BookⅣ Chapter14 亚里士多德的《十范畴论》

BookⅣ Chapter14

亚里士多德的《十范畴论》

And what did it profit me, that scarce twenty years old, a book of Aristotle, which they call the often Predicaments, falling into my hands (on whose very name I hung, as on something great and divine, so often as my rhetoric master of Carthage, and others, accounted learned, mouthed it with cheeks bursting with pride), I read and understood it unaided? And on my conferring with others, who said that they scarcely understood it with very able tutors, not only orally explaining it, but drawing many things in sand, they could tell me no more of it than I had learned, reading it by myself.

我大约二十岁时，手头拿到亚里士多德的《十范诗论》，我读后即能领会，但这种聪明为我有什么用处？我的老师，迦太基的雄辩术教授，提到范畴，便动容赞叹，当时的博士先生们也都兴高采烈，我也想望羡慕，看作一种不知如何伟大而神圣的著作。有些人自称非但听到明师的口头讲解，而且还得见老师们在灰沙中描摹刻划，才勉强领会；我和他们谈起来，除了我自学心得之外，他们也谈不出什么。

And the book appeared to me to speak very clearly of substances, such as "man," and of their qualities, as the figure of a man, of what sort it is; and stature, how many feet high; and his relationship, whose brother he is; or where placed; or when born; or whether he stands or sits; or be shod or armed; or does, or suffers anything; and all the innumerable things which might be ranged under these nine Predicaments, of which I have given some specimens, or under that chief Predicament of Substance.

我以为这本书中相当清楚地谈到“实体”，如人，以及属于实体的一切，如人的外貌如何，身长几尺，是谁的弟兄或亲属，住在哪里，生在哪一年，立着或坐着，穿鞋的或武装，在做什么，或忍受什么，总之都属于其余九范畴，上面我仅仅举一些例子，即使在实体一类，便有无数例子。

What did all this further me, seeing it even hindered me? When, imagining whatever was, was comprehended under those often Predicaments, I essayed in such wise to understand, O my God, Thy wonderful and unchangeable Unity also, as if Thou also hadst been subjected to Thine own greatness or beauty; so that (as in bodies) they should exist in Thee, as their subject: where as Thou Thyself art Thy greatness and beauty; but a body is not great or fair in that it is a body, seeing that, though it were less great or fair, it should not with standing be a body. But it was falsehood which of Thee I conceived, not truth, fictions of my misery, not the realities of Thy blessedness. For Thou hadst commanded, and it was done in me, that the earth should bring forth briars and thorns to me, and that in the sweat of my brows I should eat my bread.

这一切为我有什么用处？没有，反而害了我；我以为这十项范畴包括一切存在，我企图这样来理解上帝的神妙纯一不变性，好像你也附属于你的伟大与你的美好，以为这两种属性在你身上好像在一个主体上，在一个物质上，其实你的本体即是你的伟大与美好，而其他物体却不因为是物体即是伟大美好，因为如果比较小一些，比较差一些，也依旧是物体。因此我对你的种种看法，都是错误，并非真理，都是我可怜的幻想，而不是对于你的幸福的正确概念，你曾命令过：“地要生出荆棘蒺藜”[28]我们原靠劳动才能得食，这命令在我身上执行了。

And what did it profit me, that all the books I could procure of the so-called liberal arts, I, the vile slave of vile affections, read by myself, and understood? And I delighted in them, but knew not whence came all, that there in was true or certain. For I had my back to the light, and my face to the things enlightened; whence my face, with which I discerned the things enlightened, itself was not enlightened. Whatever was written, either on rhetoric, or logic, geometry, music, and arithmetic, by myself without much difficulty or any instructor, I understood, Thou knowest, O Lord my God; because both quickness of understanding, and acuteness in discerning, is Thy gift: yet did I not thence sacrifice to Thee. So then it served not to my use, but rather to my perdition, since I went about to get so good a portion of my substance into my own keeping; and I kept not my strength for Thee, but wandered from Thee into a far country, to spend it upon harlotries. For what profited me good abilities, not employed to good uses? For I felt not that those arts were attained with great difficulty, even by the studious and talented, until I attempted to explain them to such; when he most excelled in them who followed me not altogether slowly.

当时像我这样一个听命于各种私欲的坏奴才，能阅读一切所谓自由艺术的著作，能无师自通，有什么用处？我读得津津有味，但并不能辨别出书中所有正确的论点来自何处。我背着光明，却面向着受光明照耀的东西，我的眼睛看见受光照的东西，自身却受不到光明的照耀。我不靠别人的讲解，不费多少劲，能理解一切有关修词、论辩、几何、音乐、数学的论著，主、我的上帝，你都清楚，因为我的聪明，我思想的敏锐，都是你的恩赐；但我并不以此为牺牲而祭献你。所以这些天赋不仅没有用，反而害了我。我争取到我的产权中最好的一部分，我不想在你身边保守我的力量，反而往远方去，挥霍于荒淫情欲之中。良好的赋禀，不好好使用，为我有什么用处？因为一般勤学聪敏的人认为极难理解的那些问题，为我毫无困难，只有向他们解释时，才能感觉到疑难之处，他们中间最聪明的，也不过是最先能领会我的解释的人。

But what did this further me, imagining that Thou, O Lord God, the Truth, wert a vast and bright body, and I a fragment of that body? Perverseness too great! But such was I. Nor do I blush, O my God, to confess to Thee Thy mercies towards me, and to call upon Thee, who blushed not then to profess to men my blasphemies, and to bark against Thee. What profited me then my nimble wit in those sciences and all those most knotty volumes, unravelied by me, without aid from human instruction; seeing I erred so foully, and with such sacrilegious shamefulness, in the doctrine of piety? Or what hindrance was a far slower wit to Thy little ones, since they departed not far from Thee, that in the nest of Thy Church they might securely be fledged, and nourish the wings of charity, by the food of a sound faith.

但这对我有什么用处？当时我认为你，主、上帝和真理，不过是一个浩浩无垠的光明物体，而我即发这物体的一分子。唉，真是荒谬绝伦！但我当时确是如此；既然我当时恬不知耻地公开对别人传授我的谬说，向你狂吠，现在我也不顾愧赧而向你上帝忏悔，缕述你对我的慈爱，向你呼吁。当时我一无师承读通了难解的著作，但对于有关信仰的道理，却犯了丑恶不堪、亵渎神圣的错误，那末我的聪明为我有什么用处？相反，你的孩子们，始终依恋在你膝下，在你教会的巢中，有纯正的信仰作为饮食，安稳地筹待羽毛丰满，长出爱德的双翅，即使思想拙钝，能有多大害处呢？

O Lord our God, under the shadow of Thy wings let us hope; protect us, and carry us. Thou wilt carry us both when little, and even to hoar hairs wilt Thou carry us; for our firmness, when it is Thou, then is it firmness; but when our own, it is infirmity. Our good ever lives with Thee; from which when we turn away, we are turned aside. Let us now, O Lord, return, that we may not be overturned, because with Thee our good lives without any decay, which good art Thou; nor need we fear, lest there be no place whither to return, because we fell from it: for through our absence, our mansion fell not- Thy eternity.

主、我的上帝，我们希望常在你的羽翼之下，请你保护我们，扶持我们；你将怀抱我们，我们从孩提到白发将受你的怀抱，因为我们的力量和你在一起时才是力量，如果靠我们自身，便只是脆弱。我们的福利，在你身边，才能保持不失；一离开你，便走入歧途。主啊，从今起，我们要回到你身边，为了不再失足，我们的福利在你身边是不会缺乏的，因为你即是我们的福利。我们不必担心过去离开你，现在回来时找不到归宿，因为我们流亡在外时，我们的安宅并不坍毁，你的永恒即是我们的安宅！