忏悔录 Confessions | BookⅢ Chapter8 伦理的经纬

BookⅢ Chapter8

伦理的经纬

Can it at any time or place be unjust to love God with all his heart, with all his soul, and with all his mind; and his neighbour as himself? Therefore are those foul offences which be against nature, to be every where and at all times detested and punished; such as were those of the men of Sodom: which should all nations commit, they should all stand guilty of the same crime, by the law of God, which hath not so made men that they should so abuse one another. For even that intercourse which should be between God and us is violated, when that same nature, of which He is Author, is polluted by perversity of lust.

那末“全心、全灵、全意爱上帝和爱人如己”[11]在某时某地能不能也成为非正义的呢？凡违反天性的罪行，如所多玛人所做的，不论何时何地都应深恶痛绝，即使全人类都去效尤，在上帝的定律之前，也不能有所宽纵，因为上帝造人，不是要人如此自渎。上帝是自然的主宰，淫欲玷污了自然的纪律，也就破坏了我们和上帝之间应有的关系。

But those actions which are offences against the customs of men, are to be avoided according to the customs severally prevailing; so that a thing agreed upon, and confirmed, by custom or law of any city or nation, may not be violated at the lawless pleasure of any, whether native or foreigner. For any part which harmoniseth not with its whole, is offensive. But when God commands a thing to be done, against the customs or compact of any people, though it were never by them done heretofore, it is to be done; and if intermitted, it is to be restored; and if never ordained, is now to be ordained. For lawful if it he for a king, in the state which he reigns over, to command that which no one before him, nor he himself here to fore, had commanded, and to obey him cannot be against the common weal of the state (nay, it were against it if he were not obeyed, for to obey princes is a general compact of human society); how much more unhesitatingly ought we to obey God, in all which He commands, the Ruler of all His creatures! For as among the powers in man's society, the greater authority is obeyed in preference to the lesser, so must God above all.

至于违反风俗习惯的罪行，应随不同的习俗加以禁邂，某一城市或某一国家，或因习惯或由法律所订定的规章，不应为市民或侨民随意破坏。任何部分如与整体不合即是缺陷。但如上帝所命令的和一地的习惯规章抵触，即使从未执行，应即实施，若已废弛，应予恢复。君王有权在所统治的城邑中颁布前人或本人从前未曾制订的新法，凡是服从新法，并不违犯本城的旧章，而不服从恰就违反本城的制度，因为服从君王是人类社会共同的准则，那么对万有的君王、上帝的命令更应该毫不犹豫地服从。人类社会中权力有尊卑高下之序，下级服从上级，上帝则凌驾一切之上。

So in acts of violence, where there is a wish to hurt, whether by reproach or injury; and these either for revenge, as one enemy against another; or for some profit belonging to another, as the robber to the traveller; or to avoid some evil, as towards one who is feared; or through envy, as one less fortunate to one more so, or one well thriven in any thing, to him whose being on a par with himself he fears, or grieves at, or for the mere pleasure at another's pain, as spectators of gladiators, or deriders and mockers of others.

对于侮辱他人，或对人施行暴力，二者都是蓄意损害他人的罪行，则和违反天性的罪行相同。这两种罪行的起因，或是为了报复，如仇人的陷害仇人；或为夺取别人所有，如强盗的抢劫行旅；或为逃避祸患，如一人恐惧另一人；或出于妒忌，如不幸者妒忌另一人的幸福，如得势者畏恨别人势力与自己相埒；或仅仅出于幸灾乐祸，如观看角斗的观众，或戏弄嘲笑别人。

These be the heads of iniquity which spring from the lust of the flesh, of the eye, or of rule, either singly, or two combined, or all together; and so do men live ill against the three, and seven, that psaltery of often strings, Thy Ten Commandments, O God, most high, and most sweet. But what foul offences can there be against Thee, who canst not be defiled, or what acts of violence against Thee, who canst not be harmed? But Thou avengest what men commit against themselves, seeing also when they sin against Thee, they do wickedly against their own souls, and iniquity gives itself the lie, by corrupting and perverting their nature, which Thou hast created and ordained, or by an immoderate use of things allowed, or in burning in things unallowed, to that use which is against nature; or are found guilty, raging with heart and tongue against Thee, kicking against the pricks; or when, bursting the pale of human society, they boldly joy in self-willed combinations or divisions, according as they have any object to gain or subject of offence. And these things are done when Thou art forsaken, O Fountain of Life, who art the only and true Creator and Governor of the Universe, and by a self-willed pride, any one false thing is selected therefrom and loved.

这些是主要的罪行，根源都由于争权夺利，或为了耳目之娱，或为逞情快意，有时源于二者，甚至兼有以上三种根源。我的至尊至甘的上帝，生活于这些罪恶，便是侵凌了你的“十弦琴”、你的“十诫”。你是不可能有所朽坏，有所损蚀，哪一种罪恶能影响你，哪一种罪行能损害你？但人们犯罪，你便加惩罚，因为即使是为了反对你而犯罪，也就是亵渎了人们自己的灵魂，罪恶在欺骗自身，或是毁坏你所创造、所调摄的天性；或漫无节制、过度享受你所赋畀的事物；或违反天性、追求违禁的事物；或故触锋芒，思想上、言语上侮辱你；或越出人类社会的范围，横行不法，随自己的好恶，挑拨离间，以快自己的私意。这种种的产生都由于抛弃了你生命的泉源、万物唯一真正的创造者和统治者；由于师心自用，错误地爱上了一部分，而以部分为整体。

So then by a humble devoutness we return to Thee; and Thou cleansest us from our evil habits, and art merciful to their sins who confess, and hearest the groaning of the prisoner, and loosest us from the chains which we made for ourselves, if we lift not up against Thee the horns of an unreal liberty, suffering the loss of all, through covetousness of more, by loving more our own private good than Thee, the Good of all.

因此，只有谦虚的虔诚能引导我们回到你身边，使你清除我们的恶习，使你赦免悔过自新者的罪业，使你俯听桎梏者的呻吟，解脱我们自作自受的锁链，只要我们不再以贪得无餍而结果丧失一切、更爱自身过于爱你万善之源的私心，向你竖起假自由的触角。

Amidst these offences of foulness and violence, and so many iniquities, are sins of men, who are on the whole making proficiency; which by those that judge rightly, are, after the rule of perfection, discommended, yet the persons commended, upon hope of future fruit, as in the green blade of growing corn. And there are some, resembling offences of foulness or violence, which yet are no sins; because they offend neither Thee, our Lord God, nor human society; when, namely, things fitting for a given period are obtained for the service of life, and we know not whether out of a lust of having; or when things are, for the sake of correction, by constituted authority punished, and we know not whether out of a lust of hurting.

在损己损人以及其他形形色色罪恶中，也有进德修业的人所难免的过失；这些过失，如依严正的论断，自可作求全的责备，但同时有结成善果的希望，如萌芽之至于收获，则又应受赞许。有些近似上述两类的罪恶，而又实非是罪，因为既不侵犯你、我们的主、上帝，也不危害社会；譬如一人储藏生活所需而且符合时势要求的某些物品，同时又不能确定他是否出于占有的欲望，又如为了纠正一人的错误，行使合法权加以处分，同时也不能确定其是否有损人之心。

Many an action then which in men's sight is disapproved, is by Thy testimony approved; and many, by men praised, are (Thou being witness) condemned: because the show of the action, and the mind of the doer, and the unknown exigency of the period, severally vary. But when Thou on a sudden commandest an unwonted and unthought of turning, yea, although Thou hast sometime forbidden it, and still for the time hidest the reason of Thy command, and it be against the ordinance of some society of men, who doubts but it is to be done, seeing that society of men is just which serves Thee? But blessed are they who know Thy commands! For all things were done by Thy servants; either to show forth something needful for the present, or to foreshow things to come.

因此有许多行为，在常人视为应受谴责，而你却不以为非，也有许多人所赞许的事，而你却不以为是。往往行事的外表和其人的内心大相悬绝，而当时的环境也不是常人所能窥测。但如果你突然发出一项特殊的、出人意外的命令，而且你过去曾加禁止的，你又不宣布发令的原因，即使这命令抵触人类社会的约章，也没有一人敢怀疑是否应该服从，因为惟有服从你的社会才是正义的社会。谁能确知你的命令，那真有福！因为你的仆人们一切行动，或为适应目前的需要，或为预示将来。

These things I being ignorant of, scoffed at those Thy holy servants and prophets. And what gained I by scoffing at them, but to be scoffed at by Thee, being insensibly and step by step drawn on to those follies, as to believe that a fig-tree wept when it was plucked, and the tree, its mother, shed milky tears? Which fig notwithstanding (plucked by some other's, not his own, guilt) had some Manichaean saint eaten, and mingled with his bowels, he should breathe out of it angels, yea, there shall burst forth particles of divinity, at every moan or groan in his prayer, which particles of the most high and true God had remained bound in that fig, unless they had been set at liberty by the teeth or belly of some "Elect" saint! And I, miserable, believed that more mercy was to be shown to the fruits of the earth than men, for whom they were created. For if any one an hungered, not a Manichaean, should ask for any, that morsel would seem as it were condemned to capital punishment, which should be given him.

由于我不了解这些原则，因此我讪笑你的圣美的仆人们和先知们。我讪笑他们，其实你也得讪笑我；我不知不觉地堕落到如此愚蠢的境界，以致相信人们摘无花果时，果子和树在流着乳一般的泪水；一位“圣人”[12]吃了这只无花果——当然摘的人犯罪，圣人没有罪—— 是把许多天使，甚至神的分子吞入腹中，圣人在祷告中呻吟叹息时，吐出天使甚至神的分子，这些无上真神的分子本被囚禁在果子之中，这时被圣人的齿腹解放出来。我认为更应该同情地上的果子过于所以产生果子的原因、人，因为一个非摩尼教徒向你要一点食物解饥，如果你给他吃，便应受死刑。