巴以冲突：安理会举行高级别会议

© 联合国图片/Eskinder Debebe 中国外长王毅主持安理会会议

联合国安理会刚刚就包括巴勒斯坦问题的中东局势举行了部长级公开辩论。这是自11月中旬15个理事国通过决议以来的首次高级别会议。会议由安理会11月轮值主席国中国的外交部长王毅主持。

联合国秘书长古特雷斯在向各国代表通报情况时表示，世界绝不能对加沙平民遭受的苦难视而不见。

古特雷斯：

不要对加沙人道主义灾难视而不见

古特雷斯秘书长发言全文

Mr. President, Excellencies,

I welcome this opportunity to brief the Security Council on implementation of resolution 2712.

My Special Coordinator for the Middle East process Tor Wennesland will follow with his regular monthly briefing.

Mr. President,

Resolution 2712 was approved in a context of widespread death and wholesale destruction unleashed by the conflict in Gaza and Israel.

According to Israeli authorities, more than 1,200 people were killed -- including 33 children -- and thousands were injured in the abhorrent acts of terror by Hamas on 7 October.

Some 250 people were also abducted, including 34 children.

There are also numerous accounts of sexual violence during the attacks that must be vigorously investigated and prosecuted.

Gender-based violence must be condemned. Anytime. Anywhere.

Mr. President,

According to the de facto authorities, more than 14,000 people have been killed since the start of the Israeli military operations in Gaza.

Tens of thousands of Palestinians have also been injured, with many more missing.

In Gaza, more than two-thirds of those killed are reported to be children and women.

In a matter of weeks, a far greater number of children have been killed by Israeli military operations in Gaza than the total number of children killed during any year, by any party to a conflict since I have been Secretary-General – as clearly indicated in the annual reports on Children and Armed Conflict that I have submitted to the Council.

Over the past few days, the people of the Occupied Palestine Territory and Israel have finally seen a glimmer of hope and humanity in so much darkness.

It is deeply moving to see civilians finally having a respite from the bombardments, families reunited, and lifesaving aid increasing.

Mr. President,

Resolution 2712 “demands that all parties comply with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, notably with regard to the protection of civilians, especially children.”

It is clear that before the pause, we witnessed serious violations.

Beyond the many civilians killed and wounded that I spoke of, eighty percent of Gaza’s people have now been forced from their homes.

This growing population is being pushed towards an ever-smaller area of southern Gaza. And, of course, nowhere is safe in Gaza.

Meanwhile, an estimated 45 percent of all homes in Gaza have been damaged or destroyed.

The nature and scale of death and destruction are characteristic of the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas, with a significant impact on civilians.

At the same time, rocket attacks on population centres in Israel by Hamas and other groups have continued – along with allegations of the use of human shields.

This is also inconsistent with international humanitarian law obligations.

Mr. President,

I want to stress the inviolability of United Nations facilities which today are sheltering more than one million civilians seeking protection under the UN flag.

UNRWA shares the coordinates of all its facilities across the Gaza Strip with all parties to the conflict.

The agency has verified 104 incidents that have impacted 82 UNRWA installations – 24 of which happened since the adoption of the resolution.

A total of 218 internally displaced people sheltering in UNRWA schools have reportedly been killed and at least 894 injured.

In addition, it is with immense sadness and pain that I report that since the beginning of the hostilities, 111 members of our UN family have been killed in Gaza.

This represents the largest loss of personnel in the history of our organization.

Let me put it plainly:

Civilians – including United Nations personnel – must be protected.

Civilian objects – including hospitals – must be protected.

UN facilities must not be hit.

International humanitarian law must be respected by all parties to the conflict at all times.

Mr. President,

Security Council resolution 2712 calls “for urgent and extended humanitarian pauses and corridors throughout the Gaza Strip …to enable …full, rapid, safe, and unhindered humanitarian access.”

I welcome the arrangement reached by Israel and Hamas – with the assistance of the governments of Qatar, Egypt and the United States.

We are working to maximize the positive potential of this arrangement on the humanitarian situation in Gaza.

The pause has enabled us to enhance the delivery of aid into and across Gaza.

For example, for the first time since 7 October, an inter-agency convoy delivered food, water, medical supplies, and shelter items to northern Gaza – specifically to four UNRWA shelters in Jabalia camp.

Prior to this, minimal or no assistance had reached these locations – even as tens of thousands of people had crowded there for shelter.

Also, for the first time, supplies of cooking gas entered Gaza where people waited in lines that extended for two kilometres.

In the south, where the needs are dire, UN agencies and partners have increased both the amount of aid delivered, and the number of locations reached.

I express my appreciation to the Government of Egypt for their contribution in making this assistance possible.

But the level of aid to Palestinians in Gaza remains completely inadequate to meet the huge needs of more than two million people.

And although the total volume of fuel allowed into Gaza has also increased, it remains utterly insufficient to sustain basic operations.

Civilians in Gaza need a continuous flow of life-saving humanitarian aid and fuel into and across the area.

Safe and unimpeded humanitarian access to all those in need is critical.

Humanitarian partners carried out several medical evacuations from north to south Gaza, including to transport dozens of premature babies as well as spinal and dialysis patients from Shifa and Al-Ahli Anglican hospitals.

Several critically ill patients have also been evacuated for treatment in Egypt.

Hospitals across Gaza lack the basic supplies, staff and fuel to deliver primary health care at the scale needed, let alone safely treat urgent cases.

The medical system has broken down under the heavy caseload, acute shortages, and the impact of hostilities.

Mr. President,

Security Council resolution 2712 calls for “the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages held by Hamas and other groups.”

The arrangement announced on 22 November has so far led to the release, over 5 days, of 60 hostages – 29 women, 31 children – held by Hamas and other groups since 7 October.

Outside the arrangement during the same period, another 21 hostages were released.

This is a welcome start. But as I have been saying from day one, all hostages must be released immediately and unconditionally.

Until then, they must be treated humanely and the International Committee of the Red Cross must be allowed to visit them.

The arrangement also saw the release of 180 Palestinian prisoners and detainees from Israeli jails, mostly women and children.

Mr. President,

Security Council resolution 2712 “calls on all parties to refrain from depriving the civilian population in the Gaza Strip of basic services and humanitarian assistance indispensable to their survival, consistent with international humanitarian law.”

Much, much more is required to begin to address human needs in Gaza.

Water and electricity services must be fully restored.

Food systems have collapsed and hunger is spreading, particularly in the north.

Sanitary conditions in shelters are appalling, with few toilets and sewage flooding, posing a serious threat to public health.

Children, pregnant women, older people and those with weakened immune systems are at greatest risk.

Gaza needs an immediate and sustained increase in humanitarian aid including food, water, fuel, blankets, medicines and healthcare supplies.

It is important to recognize that the Rafah border crossing does not have enough capacity, especially taking into account the slow pace of security procedures.

That is why we have been urging the opening of other crossings, including Kerem Shalom, and the streamlining of inspection mechanisms to allow for the necessary increase of lifesaving aid.

But humanitarian aid alone will not be sufficient. We also need the private sector to bring in critical basic commodities to replenish completely depleted shops in Gaza.

Mr. President,

Finally, Security Council Resolution 2712 “underscores the importance of coordination, humanitarian notification, and deconfliction mechanisms, to protect all medical and humanitarian staff, vehicles, including ambulances, humanitarian sites, and critical infrastructure, including UN facilities.”

A humanitarian notification system is now in place, and is being constantly reviewed and enhanced, including through plans for additional civil-military experts to support coordination.

Mr. President,

I welcome the adoption of resolution 2712 – but its implementation by the parties matters most.

In accordance with the resolution, I will revert to the President of the Security Council with a set of options on effectively monitoring the implementation of the resolution.

I have already established a working group composed of the Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, the Department of Peace Operations, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, and the Office of Legal Affairs to urgently prepare proposals in this regard.

So far it is clear that implementation has been only partial at best, and is woefully insufficient.

Ultimately, we know that the measure of success will not be the number of trucks dispatched or the tons of supplies delivered – as important as these are.

Success will be measured in lives that are saved, suffering that is ended, and hope and dignity that is restored.

The people of Gaza are in the midst of an epic humanitarian catastrophe before the eyes of the world.

We must not look away.

Intense negotiations are taking place to prolong the truce – which we strongly welcome -- but we believe we need a true humanitarian ceasefire.

And we must ensure the people of the region finally have a horizon of hope – by moving in a determined and irreversible way toward establishing a two-State solution, on the basis of United Nations resolutions and international law, with Israel and Palestine living side-by-side in peace and security.

Failure will condemn Palestinians, Israelis, the region and the world, to a never-ending cycle of death and destruction.

Thank you.

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古特雷斯秘书长在会议上通报了有关加沙人道主义局势的最新动态。他表示，截至目前，加沙三分之二以上的遇难者为儿童和妇女。在短短几周内，以色列在加沙的军事行动杀害的儿童人数远远多于他自2017年担任秘书长以来，任何一年冲突、任何一方杀害的儿童总数。

古特雷斯对以色列和哈马斯在卡塔尔、埃及和美国的斡旋努力下达成的协议表示欢迎。他表示，过去几天，巴勒斯坦被占领土和以色列的平民、人质及其家人终于在黑暗中看到了“一线希望和人性的曙光”。

© UN Photo/Loey Felipe | 古特雷斯秘书长在安理会高级别会议上讲话

必须释放所有人质

古特雷斯指出，在人道主义停火协议达成之前，加沙地带发生了许多严重违反国际法的行为，有80%的加沙居民被迫离开家园。他还指出，巴勒斯坦武装分子继续对以色列进行轰炸袭击，同时将平民用作人体盾牌，“这也严重违反了国际法所规定的义务”。

同时，古特雷斯强调必须释放所有人质。他表示，11月22日以色列与哈马斯双方达成暂时停火协议后，哈马斯和其他团体在5天内释放了自10月7日起被其劫持的60名人质，其中包括29名妇女和31名儿童。此外，同一时期另有21名人质获释。作为协议的一部分，以色列也释放了以色列监狱中的180名巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘留者，其中大部分为妇女和儿童。

他说：“这是一个令人欣喜的开端，但正如我一开始就一直在说的，必须立即无条件释放所有人质。”

© 联合国图片/Loey Felipe

援助远远不够

古特雷斯表示，联合国正竭尽全力利用当前停火间隙，最大程度地改善加沙的人道状况，但目前的援助物资远远无法满足加沙地带200多万民众的生存需求。

此前，安理会决议呼吁各方遵守国际人道法，避免剥夺加沙地带平民生存所需的基本服务和人道主义援助。古特雷斯表示，要满足加沙民众的基本需求，还需要做更多的工作。这包括全面恢复水电供应服务，立即解决粮食系统崩溃和公共卫生恶化的问题。

© 近东救济工程处 | 人道主义援助被送往近东救济工程处在加沙地带北部的避难所

古特雷斯在通报中表示，由于容量有限，加之相关程序缓慢，拉法口岸无法满足人道主义援助的各种需求。他敦促开放更多口岸，包括加沙南部与以色列接壤的凯雷姆沙洛姆口岸，并简化检查机制，允许更多必要的拯救生命的援助进入加沙。

古特雷斯强调，单靠人道主义援助是远远不够的，还需要私营部门提供急需的基本商品，以帮助库存完全耗尽的商店重新恢复运转和提供服务。

需要真正的人道主义停火

古特雷斯秘书长表示，挽救生命、终结苦难、重建希望和尊严，这是我们的最终目标。加沙人民正处于一场巨大的人道主义灾难之中，“我们决不能视而不见”。他对目前为延长休战协议而进行的紧张谈判表示欢迎。

中东协调员：

结束占领并实现两国方案是唯一的解决之道

联合国中东和平进程特别协调员文内斯兰（Tor Wennesland）通过视频会议向安理会通报指出，在暴力活动激增和以色列大范围限制行动的情况下，巴勒斯坦权力机构长期存在的财政危机已严重恶化。约旦河西岸的经济活动已经停止，加沙的经济也已崩溃。

文内斯兰指出，巴勒斯坦权力机构收入的减少正在影响许多关键服务的提供和安全部队等公共部门工资的支付，并警告说局势已极度紧张并迅速恶化。

© 联合国图片/Eskinder Debebe

他说：“在战前的几个月里，我就经常提醒安理会必须做更多的工作来帮助稳定约旦河西岸的局势，现在比以往任何时候都更加需要做出努力。”

文内斯兰还指出，虽然这场战争将如何结束还尚不可知，但有些事情是绝对明确的：类似哈马斯在10月7日对以色列犯下的恐怖行为绝不允许再次发生，加沙的巴勒斯坦人也绝不能再经历他们所遭受的恐怖报复。

他强调，唯一可行的办法是根据联合国决议、此前的协议和国际法，结束占领并实现两国方案。

© 联合国图片/Loey Felipe

他说：“今天，在我们纪念声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日之际，我们都承认，过去的努力还远远不够。现在，我们必须采取新的、不同的方法，否则我们注定重回老路，永远无法解决巴以冲突。”

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巴勒斯坦外长：

休战必须转变为停火

© 联合国图片/Eskinder Debebe

巴勒斯坦国外交部长马利基（Riyad Al-Maliki）向安理会表示，休战必须转变为停火。这不是一场战争，而是一场不可开脱的屠杀。这种情况必须结束，必须允许人们返回家园。

马利基指出，超过1.5万巴勒斯坦人被以色列杀害，其中有1万多人是妇女和儿童，以色列夺走了他们的生命。在加沙没有人是安全的，儿童、医生、人道主义工作者、记者、联合国工作人员都不安全，他们遭到杀害的速度在现代历史上前所未有。

他说：“我们正处于历史性的十字路口。参与这些罪行的占领军无法确保对我国人民的保护。我们需要国际保护和国际行动来结束有罪不罚现象，进而防止这些罪行在光天化日之下再次发生。巴勒斯坦人民现在经受的苦难，是国际社会未能提供这种保护和问责的结果，而这导致的后果已蔓延至加沙边界之外。”

马利基表示，以色列试图恐吓全球范围内批评以色列并捍卫国际法的人，包括那些自认为是以色列盟友的政府、联合国秘书长和联合国机构、人权和人道组织等。

他指出，以色列并不是在寻求安全，不然它就会选择和平。以色列及本届以色列政府比历届任何政府都更加认为，巴勒斯坦建国是其所面临的战略威胁。

马利基说：“加沙在我国历史上占有非常特殊的地位，是巴勒斯坦的一部分，不能被抹去名字。不能让加沙人民背井离乡，加沙的巴勒斯坦属性不可更改，没有加沙就没有巴勒斯坦。加沙正在流血受苦、承受疼痛，但仍屹立不灭，巴勒斯坦仍在寻求生存。让巴勒斯坦成为一个独立自由的国家，是通往和平的唯一道路。”

以色列代表：

安理会未能谴责哈马斯“令人震惊”

© 联合国图片/Loey Felipe

以色列常驻联合国代表埃尔丹（Gilad Erdan）表示，犹太人不止一次经受过灭绝种族的企图和袭击。10月7日，哈马斯对以色列发动了“无端的邪恶袭击”，在一天内屠杀的犹太人是自纳粹大屠杀以来最多的一次。

埃尔丹表示，伊朗武装、资助和训练了哈马斯，伊朗“在毁灭该地区的行径中所扮演的核心角色在这里甚至都没有被提及”。

他说：“哈马斯并不是单独在与以色列作战。真主党的导弹就像雨点一样陆续落在以色列北部的城镇上，而且伊朗毫不掩饰其摧毁以色列的目的。伊朗在破坏中东安全稳定方面的核心作用难道不值得在这里提及吗？很明显，联合国已经被那些对解决问题没有真正兴趣的人所利用。联合国各机构都被充当为对抗以色列的武器。”

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卡塔尔首相兼外交大臣：

采取切实措施巩固和平

© 联合国图片/Eskinder Debebe

卡塔尔首相兼外交大臣穆罕默德（Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani）表示，巴勒斯坦人在过去几周“经历了地狱般的折磨”。

穆罕默德指出，卡塔尔已经开始与各方进行密切沟通，以结束流血冲突并确保人质安全返回。他表示，卡塔尔在最近进行的高级别谈判中发挥了关键作用，并促成停火期限进一步延长，让人质和巴勒斯坦囚犯得以获释，同时为更多援助进入加沙地区铺平了道路。

穆罕默德表示，他期待着安理会采取进一步行动，包括建立一个援助分配监督机制。最重要的是，必须坚持国际人道法，拒绝双重标准。

他说：“现在是时候采取切实措施，迈向真正的和平了。回避现实而不采取直接明确的行动，只会导致暴力进一步升级。我们呼吁实现和平。只有确保巴勒斯坦建国，该地区才能享有真正的和平与安全。”

美国代表：

需要实现两国方案

美国常驻联合国代表格林菲尔德（Linda Thomas-Greenfield）表示，这次暂停为人们带来了“一线希望”，但还需要提供更多的人道主义援助，同时加强对平民的保护。

她说：“哈马斯继续将平民作为人肉盾牌，但这并不影响以色列履行国际人道法下保护平民的责任。”

格林菲尔德表示，美国从一开始就直接通过外交努力推动冲突的解决。她对人质获释表示欢迎，提到许多家庭犹如生活在地狱之中，并强调将继续努力确保所有人质都被释放。因此，她表示美国希望当前的暂停协议得到延长，而这取决于哈马斯的下一步行动。

格林菲尔德对冲突可能将蔓延至黎巴嫩等其他地区表示担忧，与此同时，被占领的约旦河西岸的定居者暴力事件不断增加，网络上反犹太主义和仇视伊斯兰教的言论也在激增。

她说：“我们需要实现两国方案，这是彻底终结这一暴力循环的唯一途径。让我们共同努力，我们必须致力于外交，尽一切可能履行实现和平的承诺，为更加光明的未来带来希望。”

俄罗斯代表：

西方表现出“公然的双重标准”

俄罗斯常驻联合国代表涅边贾（Vassily Nebenzia）表示，两个多月以来，一场堪比《圣经》所载灾难的冲突笼罩着中东地区。可以毫不夸张地说，本轮巴以冲突已成为近几十年来最致命的地区冲突之一，对平民特别是儿童造成了毁灭性的影响。

他感谢所有在当地的人道主义工作者，他们冒着生命危险提供重要援助所做的努力，并向遇难者表达了敬意。

与此同时，涅边贾质疑西方各国代表对巴勒斯坦人民表现出的“公然的双重标准”。

他说：“西方代表团要求安理会就乌克兰问题召开了多少次会议？每月至少两次。但是，这些代表团要求安理会就中东问题召开了多少次会议呢？一次都没有。你们为什么如此胆怯？还是说从你们国家的政治角度来看，对巴勒斯坦人民的命运毫不在意？”

涅边贾指出，现在也是考虑后续行动的时候了。关于重建加沙的方式以及整个巴勒斯坦问题的长期解决方案，存在许多问题。如果不解决这些问题，以色列就不可能实现真正可持续的安全。俄罗斯正朝着这个方向积极努力。

中国外长：

对话谈判是化解矛盾的根本之道

中国外交部长王毅表示，本轮巴以冲突爆发以来，中方一直为实现和平奔走，为挽救生命努力。中国作为安理会本月轮值主席国，一直将巴以冲突作为最紧迫议题。安理会本月通过决议，开启了推动停火的初始步骤。近日，又实现了部分被扣押人员的释放和停火。这说明对话谈判是拯救生命的最佳选项，是化解矛盾的根本之道。

王毅强调，本轮巴以冲突已造成大量无辜生命消逝和前所未有的人道主义灾难，其外溢影响还在持续显现。中方强烈希望暂时停火不是新一轮攻势前的间歇，而是进一步实现全面持久停火的开端。全面持久停火应成为压倒一切的优先任务，各方要将全部努力汇聚到平息加沙战火的共同目标上来。

王毅表示，要采取更加务实有力的行动保护平民。中方重申反对针对加沙民众的集体惩罚，反对针对巴勒斯坦平民的强制迁移。联合国应在监督协调对加沙人道行动方面发挥更大作用。中国政府将再向加沙地带提供新一批紧急人道主义物资援助。

王毅表示，要以更坚定的决心重振“两国方案”政治前景。以色列早已独立建国，犹太民族不再颠沛流离，但巴勒斯坦人民的建国权、生存权、回归权却长期遭到漠视，这是巴以局势屡陷动荡的症结所在。巴勒斯坦问题的公平正义就是“两国方案”，不可替代。中方倡议召开更具规模、更大范围、更有实效的国际和会，支持巴勒斯坦成为联合国正式会员国

王毅还指出，要推动安理会采取负责任和有意义的行动。安理会必须在战与和、生与死的重大问题上体现责任和担当，倾听广大阿拉伯、伊斯兰国家和国际社会的呼声及时采取进一步行动。中方将继续同有关各方加强协调，凝聚共识，推动安理会承担起应有责任，为和平尽责为正义发声。