6月新增106例，猴痘传播有多快？我们又该如何预防？5分钟世卫组织科普短片给你答案！（附视频&对话稿）

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中国疾控中心日前发布猴痘疫情6月监测情况。2023年6月2日至6月30日，中国内地（不含港澳台）新增报告106例猴痘确诊病例。其中，广东省报告48例、北京市报告45例、江苏省报告8例、湖北省报告2例、山东省报告2例和浙江省报告1例。

北京市疾控中心提示：若在国内外有可疑动物、人员或猴痘病例接触史，出现发热、皮疹等症状，应及时到正规医院就诊，一般可选择皮肤科，并告知医生流行病学史，结痂前避免和他人密切接触。

猴痘病毒从哪来？我们又该如何正确预防？一起来看看世界卫生组织发布的这5分钟科普短片吧。

世卫组织为你科普猴痘

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We are talking about monkeypox today.

Is this a new disease? What is the treatment? Does the vaccine work? Who is at risk and why is WHO concerned about it? Hello and welcome to Science in 5.

I'm Vismita Gupta-Smith Our expert today is Dr Rosamund Lewis Welcome, Rosamund.

Let's start with explain monkeypox to us.

What are the symptoms? Is this a new disease? Monkeypox is not a new disease.

It was first discovered in a monkey in 1958 and hence the name.

However, the first infection in a human was discovered in 1970 in a small child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Since that time, increasing numbers of cases have been recognized.

And in particular, over the last 5 to 10 years.

What's different now is that we're seeing cases in other countries that normally don't have monkeypox.

And this is very unusual.

We've had the occasional outbreak or a single case detected in a traveler from West Africa.

But in fact, we've never seen an outbreak like this before.

The most important thing about monkeypox is that it does cause a rash which can be uncomfortable, it can be itchy, and it can be painful.

So the most important thing about caring for someone with this illness is basically taking care of the skin and taking care of any symptoms that someone might have, such as pain or itchiness.

It's important to know that research over many years has also yielded some vaccines and treatments for monkeypox.

These are new products and not yet widely available.

However, the vaccine is recommended for persons who have been in contact with someone who has monkeypox.

When it comes to treatment, most people don't need the new products.

Most people don't have a severe case of monkeypox and can be managed conservatively with regular care where it's necessary.

It may be possible to access the new treatments for a very select few patients who may need them.

Rosamund, explain to us how monkeypox spreads, who is at risk, and how can they protect themselves? Sure. So monkeypox spreads through close face to face, skin to skin, direct contact.

This is how it's always been described.

There may be some new things happening in this outbreak now.

We don't know everything.

There's still a lot to learn.

So at the moment, the people who are most exposed appear to be men who have sex with men.

So it's really important that all of us together make sure that the messages reach the people who need to have them right now.

That is people who may be at risk right now.

And right now, those people are men who have sex with men or other ones who may be in contact with them, including family members.

So because this virus does spread through close contact and person to person contact, it does mean that in the health care setting, a health worker who doesn't know what they're dealing with and may not have the right personal protective equipment may inadvertently be exposed.

So we also want to be sure that health workers have the message that if they're seeing someone who may have a rash that is undiagnosed or has not previously been diagnosed, it's critically important to be aware that this virus is now newly spreading in different population groups and to ensure that all the basic precautions are taken to protect yourself with personal protective equipment.

Likewise, if there's someone who has monkeypox, lives in a family setting may also want to take care that other members of the family are not immediately at risk.

So while we're talking about who is most at risk, of course it's really important not to generate stigma against population groups that are at risk.

This includes men who have sex with men.

It can also include people who are traveling from different countries who may be carrying the virus without knowing it.

It's really critical that we avoid stigma.

The reason is that if people feel stigmatized, they will not feel comfortable coming forward for diagnosis and care.

And we really do want to reach the people who may be at risk.

Rosamund, WHO has described the risk as moderate.

Explain to us why WHO is concerned about this outbreak? Most people who have monkeypox do not become very ill.

However, WHO has described the risk as moderate because monkeypox is spreading in locations where it has never been reported before.

So this new pattern of transmission is concerning and it's moving quite quickly.

So it's really important for WHO and all countries and all parties and all stakeholders at the community level to understand where the risk may be, who may be at risk so that people can protect themselves.

This is the message that we would like to share is that people can protect themselves.

If you know your own risk, you can lower your own risk.

Thank you, Rosamund.

That was science in 5, until next time then, stay safe, stay healthy and stick with science.

猴痘病毒从哪来？我们又该如何正确预防？

猴痘潜伏期最长可达21天

据北京疾控中心：猴痘的潜伏期通常是6-13天，最长可到21天。感染者会出现发热、头痛和淋巴结肿大等症状。

随后，会在面部及身体其他部位出现皮疹，并逐渐发展为脓疱，持续一周左右时间，之后结痂，一旦所有结痂脱落，感染者即不再具有传染性。

猴痘如何传播蔓延？

感染猴痘病毒的非洲啮齿类动物、灵长类动物(多种猴类和猿类)和人是主要传染源。人可以通过接触感染动物的呼吸道分泌物、病变渗出物、血液、其它体液，或被感染动物咬伤、抓伤而感染。人与人之间主要通过密切接触传播，也可在长时间近距离接触时通过飞沫传播，还可通过胎盘从孕妇传播给胎儿。

猴痘作为一种人畜共患病，主要是通过被感染动物的皮肤、呼吸道或眼睛周围或鼻子和口腔粘膜的创面传播给人类；也可以通过吃没有煮熟的受感染动物的肉来感染这种疾病。

复旦大学附属华山医院感染科“华山感染”公众号在文章中指出，当猴痘确实发生时，主要是通过飞沫传播，飞沫可感染眼睛、鼻子和喉咙的黏膜，研究显示需要长时间面对面接触才能传播。例如，在没有个人防护设备的情况下，在2米半径内持续3小时以上。但也可通过接触病变或体液传播，或通过接触被脓液或其他损伤物质污染的衣服或亚麻制品而感染。

猴痘如何预防？

在预防措施方面，因为猴痘病毒和天花病毒同属一个病毒家族，因此天花疫苗对猴痘病毒的有效性高达85%。此外，常见的家用消毒剂也可以杀死猴痘病毒。

世卫组织建议，前往疾病流行地区旅行期间，或从流行地区返回时的任何疾病，都应报告给卫生专业人员。

此外，前往流行国家的居民和旅行者应避免接触可能携带猴痘病毒的患病动物(死的或活的)(啮齿动物、有袋动物、灵长类动物)，并应避免食用或处理野生野味(灌木肉)；应强调使用肥皂和水或酒精类消毒剂保持手卫生的重要性。

猴痘病毒真正来源并非猴子

猴痘病毒与天花病毒是近亲，两者都是正痘病毒。1980年WHO宣布全世界已经根除了天花，猴痘被认为是自天花根除以来人类最重要的正痘病毒感染。

那么，“猴痘”病毒是猴子带来的吗？

据国家传染病医学中心、复旦大学附属华山医院感染科此前发布的文章指出，“猴痘”病毒的名字来自猴子，但猴痘病毒真正的来源并非猴子。在自然界中，许多动物物种被发现感染了猴痘病毒。一些证据表明，非洲本土啮齿动物，如冈比亚巨鼠(Cricetomys gambianus)和松鼠，可能是该病毒的储蓄宿主。