国外不少新闻以及政府机构都会针对内部员工推出相应的写作指南,以便统一写作风格,比如美联社推出的写作指南被称为The AP Stylebook,《经济学人》的写作指南则是The Economist Style Guide
盟也推出了员工英文写作指南How to write clearly,这份指南很短,只有16页,但其中涵盖了很多英文写作技巧和建议,非常值得学习。
欧盟这份写作指南的核心是告诉人们如何写出简洁有力的英文。欧盟员工每天都要撰写大量的文字材料,包括声明、报告以及演讲稿等等,而良好的写作风格能帮助他们更好地将信息传达给读者。对于如何写好英文,这份指南主要给出了以下这些建议:
(1)精简表达,避免使用赘词
关于精简表达,指南里面给出了一个KISS原则,即:Keep It Short and Simple 为了做到这一点,我们要避免使用赘词。类似as is well known, it is generally accepted that, in my personal opinion, there is no denying that…这样的表达在写作中都可以删去,因为它们都是套话,对表达意思没有帮助。
此外,一些冗长的词组也可以精简,比如in view of the fact that简化为as, for the purpose of简化为to, if this is not the case 精简为if not 
精简表达可以让你的句子读起来更加舒服,可信度也会更高,正如指南所说:
Use simple words where possible. Simple language will not make you seem less learned or elegant: it will make you more credible.
(2)避免引起歧义
在写作时要仔细检查用词,避免使用同一个词来指代不同的意思,不然很可能会引起歧义。举个例子:
You must hand in your application by Tuesday. You may also submit an application for this deadline to be postponed. Your application…
句子中前两个application指代的事物不同,读起来给人感觉很混乱,可以去掉其中一个以减少歧义:
You must hand in your application by Tuesday. You may also ask for the deadline to be postponed. Your application...
有些人可能喜欢使用不同的单词来指代同一个意思,以增加用词多样性,但有时候这样也会引起歧义,比如:
You must hand in your application by Tuesday. The committee may turn down your request...
第二句中request可以理解为application的同义词,也可以理解为其他意思,这样就产生了歧义。更好的方法是使用代词,修改为:
You must hand in your application by Tuesday. The committee may turn it down...
(3)使用肯定形式
写作时多使用肯定形式而不是否定形式,这样可以使句子更加简洁。比如:
It is not uncommon for applications to be rejected, so do not complain unless you are sure you have not completed yours incorrectly.
句子中使用了太多否定形式,这不仅使句子显得冗长,而且还增加了理解难度,读起来很费劲,可以改为肯定形式:
It is quite common for applications to be rejected, so complain only if you are sure you have completed yours correctly.
(4)突出重要信息
当我们需要在句子中突出某一部分重要信息时,我们最好将这部分信息放在句子结尾,而不是句子中间,因为放在句子中间不容易引起读者注意。比如:
The smoking in restaurants ban now seems likely to be implemented.
如果是为了强调"ban"这一信息,可以把它放在句子结尾,比如:
Smoking in restaurants is now likely to be banned.
(5)使用动词形式代替名词
动词要比名词更加直接和具体,使用动词形式代替名词不仅可以精简表达,还可以使得句子更加生动。比如:
…the only way to do this is ditch the Victorian-era ideology that the market knows best, and embrace a world that exists for the maximisation of human welfare, recognising that this is the 21st century, not the 19th.
for the maximisation of human welfare可以使用动名词形式改为for maximising human welfare
又比如:
The practice of growing perennials instead of annual crops can bring about an improvement of soil quality by effecting an increase in soil cover.
句子用了太多名词成分,这样显得冗长,可以改为:
Growing perennials instead of annual crops can improve soil quality by increasing soil cover.
类似的用动词代替名词的例子还有不少,以"-ion"结尾的名词大部分都可以用动词来代替,比如可以用evaluate替换carry out an evaluation of,用investigate代替hold an investigation of,用consider代替give consideration to
(6)使用主动语态
使用被动语态会显得语气生硬、官腔官调,使用主动语态则会更加有趣有力。比如下面这两个例子:
(1) New guidelines have been laid down by the President in the hope that the length of documents submitted by DGs will be restricted to 15 pages.
(2) The President has laid down new guidelines in the hope that DGs will restrict the length of documents to 15 pages.
第二个句子明显会更加简洁。又比如:
A recommendation was made by the European Parliament that consideration be given by the Member States to a simplification of the procedure.
我们可以通过将被动语态改为主动语态来简化句子,改为:
The European Parliament made a recommendation that the Member States give consideration to a simplification of the procedure.
同时,句子中的名词成分也可以精简,最终的修改版本是:
The European Parliament recommended that the Member States consider simplifying the procedure.
当然,并不是所有的情形下都必须要使用主动语态。当动作发出的主语不明确或者不重要的情况下要使用被动语态。比如:
All students are required to write clearly.
除了上面这些技巧外,这本写作指南还提供了一些建议,包括使用具体词而不是抽象词,避免使用专业术语以及如何修改稿件等等。推荐各位同学可以花上一两个小时仔细读一读,相信会有不少收获。
向公众号回复“欧盟”,可以获取该指南的下载链接。

我们最近推出了“100词写作社群”,通过对100多个常见表达以及句型的反复练习来提升遣词造句水平,需要提高英文写作的同学欢迎参加:怎样用100常见词提升英文写作?

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