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Leaders | Abortion in America
社论｜美国堕胎权
英文部分选自经济学人20220624更新的社论版块
Leaders | Abortion in America
社论｜美国堕胎权
The Supreme Court’s rejection of Roe will hurt the poorest most
最高法院推翻“罗诉韦德案”，贫困人口受害最重
Energetic efforts are needed to soften the blow
行动起来，减轻冲击
A woman’s ability to get on in life depends heavily on her ability to control her reproductive health. That is why almost all of the 38 countries in the oecd, a club of advanced economies, allow abortion on request in the first trimester of pregnancy, and often beyond. Across the world, laws increasingly reflect the principle that decisions on abortion are rightfully a woman’s to make. Most Americans agree, yet their country, which sets out to be a beacon for democracy and freedom, has this week taken a dangerous step towards oppression.
女性安身立命之本，很大程度上取决于其掌控生殖健康的能力。因此，在经济合作与发展组织（由一些发达国家组成）的38个成员国中，几乎每一个国家都允许女性在怀孕的头三个月内（很多国家甚至更为宽限）终止妊娠。纵观世界，法律日益凸显这样一个原则：堕胎的决定权理应掌握在女性手中。大多数美国人也同意这一点。然而本周，他们的国家——自诩民主和自由的灯塔——却作出了一个危险的决定，将压迫升级。
On June 24th the Supreme Court said it had voted to overturn Roe v Wade, the ruling that in 1973 declared abortion a constitutional right. The court has thereby torn up a right it granted almost half a century ago. In that time a consistent and clear majority of Americans have told pollsters they want Roe to stand. The price will be heavy, and it will fall overwhelmingly on America’s poorest women.
6月24日，最高法院宣布已投票推翻“罗诉韦德案”，该裁决于1973年将堕胎确立为一项宪法权利。由此，最高法院推翻了其在近半个世纪前认定的这项权利。从堕胎权确立直至废止的这段时间里，民调显示大多数美国人在该问题上一直观点鲜明：他们希望“罗诉韦德案”的判决持续有效。今天的判决代价将无比沉重，尤其会让美国最贫困的女性不堪重负。
At a stroke, the court has in effect made abortion illegal in 13 states that have “trigger laws”, which automatically come into force or will imminently do so. Another dozen or so states are expected to dust off pre-Roe bans or pass new ones. About 36m women live in states in which the right to terminate a pregnancy has disappeared or is likely to do so soon.
最高法院的判决一下子让堕胎在13个州成为了非法行为，这些州拥有所谓的“触发法”，一旦“罗诉韦德案”被推翻，这些裁定堕胎非法的“触发法”就会自动（或很快）生效。还有十几个州预计会重拾“罗诉韦德案”生效之前的禁令或通过新的禁令。在这些堕胎权已被禁止或可能即将禁止的州，女性人口约为3600万。
The baleful consequences of ditching Roe are knowable, in part because they have been foreshadowed. Across the South and the Midwest anti-abortion regulations had hollowed out Roe. Six states had only one abortion clinic left. A majority of abortions are thought to take place in states that will not ban abortion now Roe has been overturned. Women in conservative states have for years had to make long journeys, at great financial and personal cost, to find health care that in most of the rich world is available free, close to home. Even so, the sudden disappearance of abortion provision in more than a dozen states will cause great harm.
推翻“罗诉韦德案”将带来什么恶果是可想而知的，因为过去的经验已向我们昭示一二。从美国南部到中西部，各种“反堕胎”规定已经架空了“罗诉韦德案”。全国有六个州在州内仅设一家堕胎诊所。如今既然“罗诉韦德案”已被推翻，看来将来大多数堕胎手术都只能在无堕胎禁令的州内进行。多年来，保守州的女性不得不长途跋涉，花费巨大的财力和人力寻求医疗服务，而这种服务在大多数富裕国家却是又免费又便捷的。尽管如此，十多个州突然取消堕胎法案的危害仍是不容小觑的。
In most rich countries abortion is embedded within the hospital system. In America, by contrast, it happens mainly in standalone clinics that specialise. Most are small businesses that lack the resources to up sticks and move across state lines. As a result they will shut.
在多数富裕国家，堕胎服务都属于医院服务的一部分。而美国则相反，堕胎手术主要在专门的独立诊所进行。这些诊所多数是小本经营，不具备搬迁和跨州运营的资本，因此最终只能关闭。
The heaviest burden will fall on low-income women whose poor access to health care makes unintended pregnancies more likely. They will be forced to travel often hundreds of miles farther, at greater expense. Organising an abortion will become more difficult and time-consuming.
最沉重的负担将会落到贫困女性身上，她们难以获得医疗服务，因而更容易意外怀孕。她们将不得不额外跋涉数百英里路程，承受更大的代价。寻求堕胎的难度会进一步加大，花费的时间也会更长。
One of the perverse effects of ending Roe is that these obstacles will push abortions later into pregnancy and the later they happen, the more traumatic and expensive they become. Some women will fail to have an abortion at all. Research shows that women in America denied abortions experience a spike in financial hardship, including debt, bankruptcies and eviction. Overturning Roe may further increase America’s maternal-mortality rates, already the highest in the industrialised world.
推翻“罗诉韦德案”的一大恶劣影响在于，其人为设置的障碍会延迟堕胎时间。堕胎越迟，女性承受的创伤和花费就会越大。部分女性甚至根本未能实施堕胎。调查显示，无法堕胎的美国女性经济负担会急剧增加，很可能欠债、破产和遭到驱逐。另外，美国的孕产妇死亡率在工业化国家中已是最高，“罗诉韦德案”的推翻将有可能进一步推高这个数字。
The solution is obvious: America should reflect five decades of practice and the settled opinion of the majority by passing a national law that guarantees the right to an abortion. Legislation would always have been better and more robust than Roe. The case was shoddily argued, leaving the right it sought to enshrine open to repeated legal attack by a highly motivated minority. The resulting fight has poisoned politics and dragged the court into the partisan mire.
而对应的解决方案显而易见：美国应该出台联邦法律保障堕胎权，以体现过去50年来的司法实践和广大美国民众的共识。正式立法终归要强于“罗诉韦德案”这一判例法，也更不容易遭遇司法挑战。“罗诉韦德案”的判决意见法律逻辑不够严谨，正因如此，一小撮狂热分子一直在不断挑战该法案所追求的堕胎权。由此产生的冲突已经对政治造成了荼毒，将最高法院拖入了党派斗争的泥沼。
Yet the obvious is unattainable. The very polarisation Roe helped fuel means that today’s Senate is even less likely to muster the 60-vote supermajority needed to pass legislation than the Senate of the 1970s. Hence the second-best will have to do. Joe Biden’s administration should take urgent steps to safeguard the reproductive rights of American women.
但是，这一显而易见的解决方法却无法实现。社会的极度对立（“罗诉韦德案”对此有推波助澜之效）意味着，比起20世纪70年代时期，现在在参议院更不可能获得通过相关法案所需的绝大多数票数——60张支持票。因此，我们不得不退而求其次。拜登政府应当立即采取行动保障美国女性的生育权。
10 That starts with better access to contraception. Increased use of long-lasting methods, like iuds, has helped cut the abortion rate dramatically. Yet America continues to have a higher unintended-pregnancy rate than many Western countries. During Donald Trump’s presidency, a rule that prevented clinics involved in abortions from receiving funding for Title X, a federal family-planning programme, sharply reduced access to contraception. The Biden administration has scrapped that rule, but some conservative states have tried to continue to defund groups that support reproductive health. That must stop.
首先要做到的就是让女性更容易避孕。多采取长效避孕措施，例如使用宫内避孕器，能够大幅降低堕胎率。但是相较于许多西方国家，美国的意外怀孕率一直较高。在特朗普执政时期，有一项规定不允许开设堕胎业务的诊所从联邦家庭生育计划项目Title X获得资金支持，此举大幅减少了女性避孕的机会。拜登政府已经废除该规定，但一些保守州仍试图继续阻止向提供堕胎支持的机构拨款。必须停止这种做法。
The most powerful weapon in the fight to retain abortion access is one that did not exist back when the justices ruled on Roe. Abortion medication, a two-drug regimen that allows women to end pregnancies at home safely until 11 weeks, is cheaper and more practical than going to a clinic. In 2021 the Food and Drug Administration (fda) dropped a requirement that forced a woman to collect one of the pills in person from a health-care provider.
捍卫堕胎权的最有力武器，在“罗诉韦德案”裁决生效时还未出现，那就是药物流产。通过服用两种堕胎药物，怀胎11周内的女性可以在家安全地终止妊娠，比在诊所堕胎更便宜，更容易操作。2021年，美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）不再要求女性必须亲自前往医疗机构以获得其中一种堕胎药物。
The use of abortion medication has risen. Yet the fda still puts unnecessary obstacles in the way. Those who want to prescribe the drug must register as certified providers; patients must sign an agreement. Such conditions are not applied to some more dangerous drugs. They should go.
诉诸药物流产的人数有所增加，但美国食品和药物管理局仍然设置了很多不必要的障碍。医生想要开堕胎药物，必须先注册认证，患者也必须签署协议。然而，很多更危险的药物却没有这些限制。这些限制应当取消。
Were the fda to allow the sale of abortion pills over the counter, it would also free up space in oversubscribed clinics for women who have to travel and who need a surgical abortion. It would also let women in states where abortion is banned travel to ones where it is legal and buy the pills without an appointment. Women, especially in states that have restricted use of abortion medication, already order the pills from pharmacies overseas. Using American pharmacies would be safer.
一旦美国食品和药物管理局批准非处方堕胎药物，那些一号难求的诊所也能够接待更多远途而来寻求堕胎的孕妇。这也使得生活在堕胎非法州的孕妇可以在无需预约医生的情况下，前往堕胎合法州购买堕胎药。身处限制药物堕胎的州的孕妇早已从海外药店订购了堕胎药。但服用国内药物总归是安全一些的。
The wrong sort of exceptionalism
错误的优越主义
Such measures can mitigate the damage the Supreme Court has done this week, but they cannot reverse it. With the annulment of Roe, the court has caused a triple injury. It has harmed its own standing, by embracing a radical position on established law. It has harmed the fabric of the union, by deepening the gulf between the states over fundamental rights. But most of all, it has harmed the lives of millions of blameless American women.
类似的措施可以减轻本周美国最高法院判决所带来的伤害，但却无法扭转整体局面。最高法院推翻“罗诉韦德案”造成了三重损害。首先，对既定法律采取激进行为，损害了最高法院自身的声望；其次，各州之间在享受基本权利方面的鸿沟进一步加深，损害了联邦的团结；最重要的是，损害了无数无辜美国女性的生命健康。
翻译组：
Dossver， 男， 是错永不对真永是真
Jessie
，女，翻译界林黛玉，想被人叫大佬

Humi，在躺平、侧卧和睡梦中寻找诗和远方
Rex，男，集书狂魔，经学钢粉，总觉得24小时不够用
校对组：
Iris
，博物馆小可爱

Claire，进进退退，摇摇摆摆，探索世界ing
Francis
，一笔一口，谈笑有鸿儒，往来无白丁

Diamond，理工科永久性脑损伤，做最高谈阔论的低语者
最后引用《柳叶刀》的一段话作为结尾。
If the US Supreme Court confirms its draft decision, women will die. The justices who vote to strike down Roe will not succeed in ending abortion, they will only succeed in ending safe abortion. Alito and his supporters will have women's blood on their hands
如果美国最高法院最终确认其草案中的判决，将会有大量的妇女因此死亡。推翻罗诉韦德案的大法官不会让堕胎消失，只会让安全的堕胎消失。阿利托和他的支持者们的手上将沾满她们的鲜血。
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