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知不知道第一学期有怎样的(灭)(决)(师)(太)等着你?
对于习惯中文的我们,学术英语课绝对是一个让人迷惑的课程,几乎所有学校在第一年都会开设学术英语课程,主要针对英文学术阅读、思考和写作技巧的提升。
但很多小伙伴在进行学术写作的时候经常觉得:
  • 写的时候戴着痛苦面具:想到什么写什么,不知道自己论文的逻辑在哪儿;
  • 写完之后戴上痛苦面具:得到教授的Comments是more critical thinking;
这时候推荐大家的一本写作入门,操作性极强的书叫做:《They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing》
这是英语学术写作入门必用书,本书揭开学术写作的神秘面纱,教会学生准确阐释个人观点,并且提供了修辞模板,已在1000多所高校中使用,是畅销欧美大学的一本指写作入门指导书。
《They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing》
很多同学在接触写作的时候一定会了解一个叫做“模版”(template)的东西有趣的是,“模版”竟然不是国人的专利They say, I say”就是一个极简的思维套路,简直就是灵魂级的存在,足够简洁,又足够令人印象深刻。
2006年美国有两位大学教育工作者杰拉尔德·格拉夫(Gerald Graff)和凯茜·比肯施泰因(Cathy Birkenstein) 联合出版了<They say, I say:the moves that matter in academic writing>一书。
They say, I say题目本身就是最大的秘密,它从题目到每个篇章始终强调学术写作需要进入conversation中,自己的观点是对什么观点的回应(they say)怎样描述更为复杂的态度(隐形的they say),然后再提出自己的观点(I say),会有什么结果(so what),有哪些读者可能会有反应(who cares)等。
强调进入逻辑展开有效的讨论,而不是自说自话,无的方矢。
全书共有262个清晰呈现的写作模板,可谓是当之无愧的实用手册,下面我们来提取一些书中的“模版”,来感受一下这些海外版的“template”究竟长什么样子。
1,They say:they say不仅仅是他人的观点,还可能是传统观点,一些隐藏的潜台词,甚至是过去自己的观点,至于究竟是谁提出的其实并没有那么关键,合理即可,我们的目标是引出具体内容。
Introducing “They say/ standard views”:
A number of_____have recently suggested that__________
Conventional view has it that
The standard way of thinking about topic X has it that____
American today tend to believe that__________
While they rarely admit as much, ______often take for granted that________
One implication of X’s treatment of _______ is that_________
When I was a child, I used to believe that______
Social Darwinists would certainly take issue with(争论/质疑)the argument that…
Nevertheless, both followers and critics of X will probably argue that… 
2. I say 顾名思义,就是对自己观点的阐述,主要有两种:1.先表明态度同意/不同意/部分赞同,再阐述观点2.加连接词,然后直接阐述观点。
Introducing “I say”:
不同意+自我观点阐述:
Yet a sober analysis (理智的分析) of the matter reveals that_______
However, anyone familiar with________should agree that__________
Nevertheless, X overlooks what I consider an important point about______. My own view is that ______________.
反问:
Yet is it always true that________?
However, is it always the case, as I have been suggesting, that_______?
让步句型:
While it is true that_____, it does not necessarily follow that_______.
Although I grant(承认) that_____, I still maintain that_______
3. Indicating who cares:
_______used to think_______, but recently ( or within thepast few decades), ________suggests that__________.
Recent studies like these shed new light on(进一步揭示)_________, which previous studies had not addressed.
At first glance, teenagers appear to _______, but on a closer inspection,__________
4.使用生动而精准的动词Use vivid and precise signal verb rather than simply use “she say”, “they believe”):
Verbs for making a claim:
advocate/argue/ insist/ assert/ observe/ claim/ emphasize/ suggest
Verbs for expressing agreement:
acknowledge/ endorse/ admire/ verify/ reaffirm/ support/ urge
Verbs for expression disagreement:
complain/ contend/ refute/ contradict/ reject/ deny/ repudiate
5.组合应用“They say, I say”:
When it comes to the topic of _________, most of us will readily agree that_______. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of_______.Whereas some are convinced that_____, others maintain that_____________.
In discussing of X, one controversial issue has been _______.On the one hand, ________argues_______. On the other hand, ________contends/ maintains(坚称)_______. After weighing both the pros and cons, my own view is that_________.
还有下面这些摘录的比较实用模板:
1. 表达你的对立观点,并解释原因
· I think X is mistaken because she overlooks _____
· X’s claim that _____ rests upon the questionable assumption that _____.
· I disagree with X’s view that _____ because, as recent research has show, _____
· X contradicts herself /can’t have it both ways. On the one hand, she argues ____, but on the other hand, she also says _____
· By focusing on _____, X overlooks the deeper problem of _____
· X claims _____, but we don’t need him to tell us that. Anyone familiar with ___ has long know that _____
2. 表达你对某个作者观点的支持,并加入自己少许不同的看法
· I agree that _____ because my experience confirms it.
· X surely is right about _____ because, as she may not be 
aware, recent studies have shown that _____.
· X’s theory of _____ is extremely useful because it sheds insight on the difficult problem of _____
· I agree that ____, a point that needs emphasizing since so many people believe _____
· Those unfamiliar with this school of thought may be interested to know that it basically boils down to _____
· If group X is right that _____, as I think they are, then we need to reassess the popular assumption that _____
3. 只是同意某部分的观点
· Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept his overall conclusion that _____
· Although I disagree with much that X says, I fully endorse his final conclusion that _____
· Though I concede that _____, I still insist that _____
· Whereas X provides ample evidence that ____, Y and Z’s research on ____ and ____ convinces me that _____ instead.
· X is right that ____, but she seems on more dubious ground when she claims that _____
· While X is probably wrong when she claims that _____, she is right that _____
· I’m of two minds about X’s claim that ____. On the one hand, I agree that _____. On the other hand, I’m not sure if _____
· My feelings on the issue are mixed. I do support X’s positions that _____, but I find Y’s argument about ____ and Z’s 
research on _____ to be equally persuasive.
4. 说明观点出处
· X argues _____
· According to both X and Y, _____
· Politicians _____, X argues, should _____
· Most athletes will tell you that _____
· My own view, however, is that _____
· I agree, as X may not realize, that _____, but _____ are real and, arguably, the most significant factor in _____
· However X is wrong that _____
· However, it is simply not true that _____
· Indeed, it is highly likely that _____
· Nonetheless, the view that ____ does not fit all the facts.
· X is right that ____
· X is wrong that 
· X is both right and wrong that _____
· A sober analysis of the matter reveals _____
· Nevertheless, new research shows _____
· Anyone familiar with ____ should see that _____
5. 让步
· Although I grant that _____, I still maintain that _____
· Proponents of X are right to argue that _____, but they exaggerate when they claim that _____
· While it is true that ____, it does not necessarily follow that _____
· On the one hand, I agree with X that _____, but on the other hand, I still insist that _____
6. 说明你自己观点的重要性
· X matters/is important because _____
· Although X may seem trivial, it is in fact crucial in terms of today’s concern over ____
· Ultimately, what is at stake here is _____
· These findings have important consequences for the broader domain of _____
· My discussion of X is in fact addressing the larger matter of _____
· These conclusions / This discovery will have significant application in ____ as well as in ____
· Although X may seem of concern to only a small group of ____, it should in fact concern anyone who cares about _____
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摘录来自:Graff, Gerald and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say/ I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. New York Norton, 2010
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