高质量英语演讲&专访视频哪里看？
请您点击上方“精彩英语演讲”，选择“设为星标”
全网最新鲜，热门的英语演讲第一时间为您奉上！
大家可能对下图这位貌不惊人，穿着标志性印花棉质连衣裙，头戴配套饰品的非裔女性不太熟悉。
她是世贸组织（WTO）成立25年以来，首位女性总干事，也是首位来自非洲的总干事恩戈齐-奥孔乔-伊维拉（Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala）。
美国当地时间5月27日，在一个晴朗温暖的日子里，麻省理工学院（MIT）2022届毕业生在基利安宫如期举行，当然这也是三年来第一次师生都能亲临现场的毕业典礼，此前由于Covid-19大流行病，两年来一直在网上举行典礼。


这位来自非洲的女性，世界贸易组织总干事伊维拉受邀在在毕业典礼上发表演讲，她在演讲中强调全球需要有科学依据的政策来解决气候变化、大流行病、国际安全和财富差距等问题。她告诉毕业生们。"在这个不确定的时代，在你们即将进入的这个复杂的世界，如果你们能够寻找隐藏在挑战中的机会，你们就不必如此畏缩。"她敦促他们 "走向世界，拥抱服务的机会"。
事实上，恩戈齐博士被誉为“世界英雄之一” 、 “伟大的改革家”。这位哈佛本科，MIT博士毕业的尼日利亚裔经济学家和国际发展事务专家，曾在世界银行工作长达25年，两次担任尼日利亚财政部长，一次担任尼日利亚外交部长，目前是全球疫苗和免疫联盟董事会主席。
正如恩戈齐在发言中所表述的，“不仅是非洲、女性等特殊标签，我更希望因我的阅历、知识、勇气和热忱而受到大家的信任”，这位非裔“女掌门”的故事不一般。
世卫组织总干事MIT毕业演讲
↓↓↓ 上下滑动，查看演讲稿 ↓↓↓
Well, thank you for that more than wonderful introduction.
It is so lovely to be here with you today.
President Reif, Chancellor Nobles, Provost Barnhart, Ms.
Greene, President of the MIT Corporation, alumni.
Hello classes of '70, '71, and '72.
Faculty, staff, parents, friends.
And most importantly, the graduates of MIT's class of 2022.
I could not be more honored or more delighted to be here with you in Killian Court today.
It is a bittersweet day, because this is also the last commencement of a wonderful president and a good friend, Rafael Reif.
I want to-- I want to take just a moment to pay tribute to his academic, institutional, and thought leadership of these past ten years.
The MIT model which President Reif has done so much to develop is influenced in higher education and research around the world.
A testament to this is a number of former MIT professors and staff, now in senior positions at other top universities.
To take just a few examples, former associate provost and vice president for research, Alice Gass, is now President of Imperial College London, having previously served in that role at Lehigh University.
Subra Suresh, former Dean of the School of Engineering, became president of Carnegie Mellon University after a stint in the Obama administration and now leads the prestigious Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
All of you will remember provost Martin, Marty, Schmidt, who was recently appointed president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
And of course I have to mention someone I remember as a young professor of environmental studies, and no other than the Department of Urban Studies and Planning.
Former MIT chancellor and current Harvard Professor, Larry Bacow.
President Reif symbolizes what is so respected about MIT around the world.
Human-centered science and innovation for the challenges of today.
But also looking ahead to the challenges of tomorrow and the decades to come.
Rafael, we wish you well in your new endeavors.
As I stand here, memories are flooding back.
On my first day of graduate school as an MCP student in DUSP in September 1976-- I must give a shout out to DUSP now.
Hello, DUSP.
I remember going to the International Students Office, worried about how I was going to cover my tuition and board for the second semester and thereafter.
I was met with wide smiles and open arms by the wonderful staff in that office.
They told me not to worry, and that once they get an international student in, their job is to make sure that student graduates.
They would help me find the means, and RA or TA position or alone.
They were proud, they said, that international students had one of the best loan repayment records among all students.
So I shouldn't worry, I should just concentrate on my studies.
They had my back.
You can imagine what a warm and fuzzy feeling that gave me, especially since I could reliably say that not every Cambridge-based institution was as welcoming at that time.
So began my love for this great institution on whose grounds we stand today.
In 1981, I again stood where we are today having finished my PhD in regional economics and development, under the supervision of a crackerjack dissertation committee led by professors Alan Stroud, Karen Polansky, and Lloyd Rudman.
That was as caring as it was demanded.
I was heavily pregnant, virtually nine months, with my first child when I defended my dissertation.
Writing the dissertation itself had been rocky, with lots of tearful weekends as I struggled with my data in SPSS.
Does anyone remember that? I clearly remember Allen telling me after I first-- I submitted my first chapter-- that it was below my usual standard and that I should tear it up and start again.
I spent all weekend in tears before picking myself up and starting over.
In fact, I'm convinced that they only let me get away with the defense because of that baby.
I let them know I was due any moment, and that I could have the baby that day, maybe right there during the defense.
They looked terrified.
And you can imagine how quickly it all went so they could get me out of there.
By the way, this is a good trick to try.
But I'm sorry, it won't work for you men.
MIT has helped make me who I am today.
I know how hard each of you has worked to get here.
I hope that as you embark on this journey called life, you will return one day, as I have done today, with good feelings and these same words.
MIT helped make me who I am today.
On top of the demands of one of the world's most famously rigorous academic institutions, your time at MIT has been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
All of you have had to adjust and adapt.
A pandemic is not something I had to deal with as a student, but my education was also interrupted when I was young by the Civil War in Nigeria.
The Nigeria Biafra war.
I did not go to school for three years from the ages of 12 to 15 as my family ran from place to place in Biafra to escape the bombs and the shelling.
The images we see from the war in Ukraine today remind me of the suffering I witnessed and endured then.
My family made it through, but lost everything and had to start over.
I was able to go back to school, but my parents made clear to me that education is a privilege.
And with that privilege comes responsibility.
The responsibility to use it for others, not just for yourself.
And that is why today when I think of the children of Uvalde, I feel pain.
I feel grief.
As a mother and a grandmother, I feel devastated.
That lesson about education, which these children have been so deprived, is a lesson I carry with me every day.
Now, I'm not here to tell you what to do with your lives.
But I'm here to say that the world needs your smarts, your skills, your adaptability, and the great training you have received here at MIT.
The world needs you for innovation, for policy-making, for connecting the dots so implementation can actually happen.
So let me say a few words on combining science, social science, and public policy to meet the challenges of our future.
The difficult and uncertain times we live in have been called a public crisis, simultaneous compounding crisis in the economy, the environment, public health, and international security.
The COVID-19 pandemic is still with us, soaring food costs are threatening hunger in poor countries, even before the war in Ukraine made the situation much worse.
And heat waves from South Asia to Europe are already luring this season's farm yields in countries like India.
Yet another reminder that climate change is here.
MIT, the university, its faculty and researchers, its students and you, its freshly minted graduates, sit squarely in the middle of providing the multi-faceted solutions we need to the challenges of the global commons that we confront today.
Let me explain why.
A common thread running through many of these challenges is the central role for science.
We need technological innovation to get us out of the holes we're in.
At the same time, for the kinds of problems we are dealing with, new inventions and new ways of doing things will have an impact, mainly to the extent they are scaled up across dividing lines of income and geography.
We don't just need vaccines.
We need shots in arms across the world to be safe.
We need new renewable technologies that fuels not just in rich countries to fight climate change, but also in poor ones.
We need new agricultural technologies built to local conditions and culture if we are to fight hunger.
In other words, we need innovation but we also need access, equity, diffusion.
We need to get the science right, and we need to get the domestic and international policy frameworks, the incentive structures, and the public and private investments right too.
MIT, of course, is perched at the cutting edge of both science, social science, and public policy.
To buttress the case I'm making, I want to look at some scientific and public policy issues associated with the COVID-19 response, as well as climate change.
And as a proud MIT alum, I will also look at how the MIT community has been working on these 21st century problems since at least the 1970s.
And as Director General of the World Trade Organization, I shall link this to where multilateralism and trade has been a force for good, amplifying and diffusing new ideas and new technology.
But I'll also comment on where international cooperation has been falling short in getting policy frameworks and solutions right.
Turning now to the global challenges, it's clear that if a future president writes big preoccupations, getting the innovation we need, and speeding up the time between new ideas and commercialized products are directly relevant to the road we're traveling now as a global community and to the road ahead.
When we look at the COVID-19 response, we see we had good science, but not so good politics and public policy.
We knew a pandemic was overdue.
Bill Gates even gave a famous Ted Talk about the risks back in 2015.
But we were not ready.
This has been made painfully clear by the roughly 15 million excess deaths worldwide over the past two and a half years, as estimated by the World Health Organization.
At the national and international levels, we hadn't made the necessary health system investments, nor had we put in place the governance arrangements and early warning systems needed to identify and contain potentially dangerous new pathogens.
In other words, policy-wise, pandemic preparedness was on a global level totally missing.
But we were fortunate that scientists were better prepared.
Science enabled us to address a global public bad, thereby saving millions of lives.
Safe and effective vaccines came online in the space of mere months after the novel coronavirus was identified.
But this seemingly overnight success was years, even decades, in the making.
And MIT was at the heart of that story.
At MIT's center for cancer research in the 1970s, back when Kendall Square was still mostly warehouses and factories, future institute professor nobel laureate Philip Sharp discovered RNA splicing.
His work revealed the potential of messenger RNA, the technology behind the most effective COVID-19 vaccines.
Around the same time, another future institute professor, Robert Langer, DSc in chemical engineering, MIT class of 1974, began decades of pioneering work on the drug delivery of large molecules, including mRNA.
In 2010, he participated in the founding of a company that aimed to do something totally new to develop modified RNA therapeutics.
That companies struggled for years.
High on promise, but low on cash, until the COVID-19 pandemic struck and Moderna's vaccine made it a household name.
But even though the world got the innovation it needed and it was successfully commercialized, we fell short on access.
When vaccines became available, we did not prioritize the most vulnerable populations in the world and we did not prioritize all front-line workers in all countries.
Instead, much of 2021 saw what WHO Director General Tedros Ghebreyesus described as, and I quote, a handful of rich countries gobbling up the anticipated supply as manufacturers sold to the highest bidder, while the rest of the world scrambled for scraps.
Unquote.
As with life-saving HIV/AIDS drugs 20 years ago, people in poor countries, especially in Africa, found themselves at the back of the queue for COVID-19 vaccines.
The COVAX facility, which I'm proud to say I participated in birthing as an ambitious attempt to avoid a repeat of that experience by getting vaccines of poor countries at the same time as rich ones, was frustrated in its goals by vaccine nationalism and a lack of international solidarity.
While global vaccine supplies have now increased, the lag in getting these to poor countries allowed apathy and vaccine hesitancy to set in, leading to a situation where on the back of weak health systems, only 17% of people in Africa and 13% of people in low income countries have been fully vaccinated, compared to 75% of people in high income countries.
Since we all know that no one is safe until everyone is safe, the risk of more dangerous variants and pathogens remains real because of this public policy lapse and the lack of timely international cooperation.
Let me talk a bit about climate change.
Climate change is another problem that we cannot solve without scientific innovation and diffusion.
We have made real progress.
Solar and wind generation costs have plummeted with trade and international competition playing important roles in driving costs down.
But storing that energy is still expensive, so we still need breakthroughs there, like we do on cutting emissions from marine and air transport from industry, from buildings, from agriculture and land use.
We also need more uptake of existing green technologies.
For all the Teslas we might see around us here, only 4.5% of vehicles in the US are electric.
But MIT researchers at the forefront of research on batteries and energy storage.
The MIT Energy Initiative is working to meet energy needs whilst minimizing climate and other environmental impacts.
The Future Energy System Center is doing research on every imaginable aspect of the low carbon transition, from how to produce hydrogen at scale to assessing zero carbon options for moving freight over long distances.
The D Lab is helping to bring energy to off-grid communities.
MIT urban planners are thinking about how to make the megacities of the future both livable and sustainable.
So science and innovation are hard at work to help bring solutions to an existential threat of our time.
A threat that science also helped to elucidate with the wonderful work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
But to make these innovations transformative and central to decarbonization of the world, international cooperation is key.
And once again, the world is failing.
Six months ago at COP26 in Glasgow, where I participated, it became clear that the rich world is again unable and unwilling to fulfill the pledges made in the Paris Accords of 2015 to put together financing of $100 billion a year, at a time when we spent $14 trillion on fiscal stimulus to fight the pandemic.
Which is a good public policy response, don't get me wrong.
It was the right thing to do.
But if you can mobilize $14 trillion, I don't understand why you cannot mobilize $100 billion to support poor countries whose contributions to carbon emissions in any case have been minimal.
To help them make the transition to a low carbon future by taking advantage of new and renewable technologies.
It is these kinds of public policy failures, these lapses in harnessing science and innovation for the greater public good, that drew me to the career that I pursued in international development.
The question that I asked myself was, how can we allow people to die or to remain poor when the science and innovation to change their lives exist? And what can I do about it? My training at MIT gave me the framework I needed to pursue the career path I followed in international development.
It was training that would enable me as a practitioner and policymaker to connect science and innovation to people's lives and to make a difference.
Just a couple of examples.
At the World Bank, I had the opportunity to bring the innovative approach of sites and services development that we studied in DUSP to poor urban dwellers in Spanish Town, Jamaica, to enable them build their own homes incrementally over time, thereby creating an asset and creating wealth for them for the first time in their lives.
When I worked on agriculture, it was bringing improved seeds and new agricultural technologies to poor farmers in Africa and the Middle East, to enable them improve their incomes and household welfare at a pace they could not have imagined possible.
In Nigeria, as finance minister, I am working with the minister of agriculture.
We implemented budgetary policies that put mobile phones in the hands of two million women farmers so that through their electronic wallets, they could directly receive government vouchers that enabled them to access improved seeds and fertilizers and improve their yields and production.
With respect to finance, we put in place a technology-based financial management solution with biometrics that enabled government to weed out millions of ghost workers who also became ghost pensioners, and we saved over a billion dollars in fraudulent salary and pension claims.
When I joined Gavi, the vaccine alliance, bridging the gap between science and public policy meant supporting the piloting of a new malaria vaccine that could save millions of children's lives and stockpiling an experimental Ebola vaccine, giving millions more people a chance at survival, should Ebola strike again, which it has.
And at the WTO, bridging the gap meant the ability to work with vaccine manufacturers to deal with the problems in their complicated supply chains so that trading inputs could flow freely and enable them to scale up COVID-19 production for the world.
It has also meant the fight to allow more flexible rights to intellectual property for COVID-19 vaccines, whilst protecting incentives for research and development so that developing countries can undertake their own vaccine manufacturing.
Ladies and gentlemen, dear graduates, the problem solving approach I've taken in my career, my quest to bridge gaps between science, innovation, and public policy, to take a bit of risk, to try new approaches has paid off in a rewarding career whose satisfaction is the ability to serve others.
So in these uncertain times, in this complex world in which you're entering, you need not be so daunted if you can search for the opportunities hidden in challenges.
If you can take some considered risk and try new approaches, create new pathways.
And if you can connect the dots in disconnected approaches to problem solving.
Let me conclude by saying that you have all succeeded in making it in truly extraordinary times.
To paraphrase Nelson Mandela, one of my heroes, you have made what seemed impossible, possible.
Your parents and faculty are rightly proud of you.
So am I.
So, go out into the world.
Embrace the opportunities to serve.
I wish you all the very best.
Congratulations, and godspeed.
1954年，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉出生在尼日利亚。她的父母都是学者，还曾经在欧洲留学，在这样的环境下，她从小受到的教育还是相当不错的。不过家境并不算富裕，她有六个兄弟姐妹，主要由祖母抚养长大，孩子们从小都要学会去做拾柴、打水、做饭等家务，还会和祖母一起去农场。
1960年，尼日利亚脱离英国独立，但之后没几年就陷入了残酷的内战之中。在战乱中，一家人从此开始动荡不安、三餐不继的生活，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉的学业也被迫中断，“我每天只吃一顿饭，孩子们都快死了。在这样的生活里，我学会了节俭。我可以睡在泥地上，我能吃苦。”
艰苦恶劣的环境没有阻挡奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉成长的脚步，反而磨炼出自律、坚强乐观，遇事冷静的品格。有一次母亲生病，而3岁的妹妹突然患上疟疾，14岁的奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉背着妹妹步行五六公里，去找邻村的医生看病，挽救了妹妹的生命。“在战争中长大，令我非常坚强，使我能够在非常困难的条件下生活。”
1973年，19岁的奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉离开尼日利亚前往美国哈佛大学学习，并获得经济学学士学位。异国求学的生活并非一帆风顺，甚至还要面对种种歧视，但她始终能够勇敢面对所有挑战。大学毕业后，她进入麻省理工学院继续深造，获得了区域经济和发展博士学位。
1982年，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉加入了世界银行。在这里，她工作了25年，从一名关注非洲的农业经济学家一步步晋升，成为世界银行第一位女性副行长兼机构秘书长，负责监管非洲、南亚、欧洲和中亚等地区的业务。
在世界银行前同事眼中，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉勤奋努力，踏实肯干。世界银行发展经济学高级总监肖恩·巴特利特曾这么评价她，“尽管恩戈齐极度辛勤和长时间地工作，但她总是保持冷静和镇定，从不慌乱，这在以忙碌著称的商业发展领域里是非常可贵的。”
2003年，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉撰写的一篇关于经济改革的文章给尼日利亚时任总统奥卢塞贡·奥巴桑乔留下深刻印象，她因此被任命为尼日利亚财政部长，成为该国首位担任这一职务的女性。
担任财政部长期间，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉多次进行改革，打击腐败，提高政府治理的透明度，通过精简公共部门和鼓励商业活动等多种方式，逐渐改变了尼日利亚的财政状况。在她担任尼日利亚财政部长的第一个任期内，尼日利亚债务从300多亿美元下降到120亿美元。
2005年，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉领导了尼日利亚与巴黎俱乐部的艰难谈判，为尼日利亚争取到一项180亿美元的债务减免协议；2006年，她又帮助尼日利亚获得惠誉评级和标准普尔有史以来对该国的首个主权信用评级。2008年金融危机期间，她还领导了粮食危机援助行动。 
对腐败问题的打击让奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉得罪了很多既得利益者，不但处处树敌甚至还置身险境。她83岁母亲曾因她推行终止燃油补贴的措施而遭到绑架，绑架者要求她在电视上宣布辞职，还要求一笔赎金。幸运的是最后，她的母亲逃脱了出来，经济改革的措施也继续执行。
奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉一系列有力措施，推动了尼日利亚宏观经济改革，被称作尼日利亚“铁娘子”。英国《独立报》表示，“奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉不仅是尼日利亚的女英雄，而且是整个非洲大陆的‘女主角’。在反腐败斗争中，她将生命安全置于险境。”
在接受媒体采访时，她曾这样描述自己在尼日利亚财长任内的性格，“他们称我为‘麻烦的女人’，但我不在乎他们叫我什么名字。我是个斗士，我非常专注于自己正在做的事情，并且对我想要实现的目标不遗余力。”“我会想尽一切办法实现目标，哪怕做一些错事。如果有人挡了我的路，我会把他们踢开。”
2020年5月，时任世贸组织总干事的阿泽维多宣布将于2020年8月31日离任，这距离他的第二个任期结束还有一年的时间。世贸组织启动了新一轮总干事遴选程序，有着丰富改革经验的奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉在竞选中获得了多数成员的支持，从8位候选人中脱颖而出。
在阐述竞选愿景时，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉这样表示，“贸易不是零和游戏，可以为参与者带来双赢”，世贸组织显然更需要的是，“一个诚实的中间人、客观的领导者、有适当技能的人，一个了解问题却又有很强政治和谈判技巧、有推动议题进展的管理能力、并同时善于倾听，以解决问题为导向的人，而我就是（那个能带来这些的人）。”
不过，时任美国总统的特朗普强烈反对奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉出任总干事，明确支持来自韩国的产业通商资源部通商交涉本部长俞明希。此事一直悬而未决，直到今年2月5日，俞明希宣布退选。随后，美国新任总统拜登表示，“强烈支持”奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉出任世贸组织总干事一职。
经历了一波三折，奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉的任命终获所有成员支持。但显然她将面对的挑战，比总干事的竞选要大得多。不过她明确意识到自己的前路之艰，也未来的改革和挑战充满信心， “已做好准备应对WTO面临的重重挑战。”“我期待和成员合作，出台并实施让全球经济持续发展所需的政策”。
奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉有着广阔的国际视野及深厚的人脉资源，也有着丰富的改革经验，但她此前的工作和贸易的关系并不大，她在熟悉国际贸易和世贸组织上的确还需要一个过程。能否尽快恢复争端解决机制、推动多边贸易谈判和贸易政策监督三大功能、推动上诉机构大法官遴选、推动WTO谈判功能的恢复，都将是她将面临的难题。 
当前，全球经济下行压力加大，单边主义和贸易保护主义崛起，加上世贸组织自身也存在长期结构性问题，“世贸组织面临的挑战众多且棘手，但并非无法战胜。”奥孔乔-伊韦阿拉的态度坚定而乐观。
“鉴于世界经济的相互联系，面对当前的挑战，集体的力量将永远比个人更为强大。”她表示，“我们可以共同努力，使它变得更强大、更灵活、更适应当今的现实。”她说，“我们走过了一条漫长而艰难的道路，当中充满不确定性，但是现在我们迎来了破晓的曙光，是时候开始施展拳脚了。”
防止再次失联，请立即关注备用号
— 往期精彩英语演讲集 —
新西兰“80后”女总理哈佛大学毕业演讲：在虚假信息泛滥的时代，你要学会分析和批判！（附视频&演讲稿）
哈佛大学校长2022年毕业演讲：厉害的人，善于拥抱不切定性！
从中学学历到Dr.霉霉！24分钟NYU演讲惊艳全网：只要自己不拉胯，条条大路通罗马！（附双语视频&演讲稿）
张文宏2021年上海纽约大学全英文演讲：找到适合的职业，就像找到对的女朋友!
“南方哈佛”坐实了？！杜克大学毕业生演讲抄袭哈佛，简直是2014年哈佛毕业生的复印件！（附视频&演讲稿）
库克斯坦福大学毕业演讲：不要浪费自己的时间去过别人的生活！
苹果CEO库克加劳德大学毕业演讲：无论做什么，都要从自己价值观出发！（附视频&演讲精华稿）
施瓦辛格前妻密歇根大学毕业演讲：敢于直面恐惧，才能超越自我！
福奇密歇根大学毕业演讲：年轻人，别对“谎言常态化”无动于衷！
美国副总统田纳西州立大学毕业演讲，激励年轻人去创造美好未来！
施瓦辛格休斯顿大学毕业演讲：想成功，就需找到属于你的“贵人”
发人深省！华裔女孩哈佛大学毕业演讲：说话是一种才能，而沉默是一种智慧（附视频&演讲稿）
想第一时间观看高质量英语演讲&采访视频？把“精彩英语演讲”设置为星标就对了！操作办法就是：进入公众号——点击右上角的●●●——找到“设为星标”点击即可。
快分享
要收藏
点完赞
点在看
继续阅读
阅读原文