建筑与景观的起承转合太原植物园丨 AC

太原植物园

太原，中国

项目刊载于《建筑创作》2021年06期“建筑中的玻璃”

本项目资料均由DMAA提供

文字翻译：张维宸

图纸翻译：邹雪红

太原植物园项目在启动之时目标宏伟，旨在将原有煤矿遗址改造成为一处景观公园，它将不只是中国境内景观设计的重要典范，并且拥有围绕自然生态系统建设的基础设施建筑，既可用于相关领域的研究工作，也可为人们提供接触及了解相关知识的途径。政策要求在城市内或周边建设高品质的休闲区，并为涌入的大量游客寻求相应的调控措施，这一需求构成了项目空间规划的基础。空间规划设想不仅考虑到景观公园自身，设计中还将囊括一座中央入口建筑，它将承载一座自然博物馆及其相应的行政设施、三间温室、一家餐厅、一座盆景博物馆以及一座附带图书馆和员工宿舍的相关领域研究中心。

The project was launched with the ambitiousobjective of transforming a former coal-mining area into a landscape park, whichis not only a model for the landscape design that is so essential in China, butalso contains a building infrastructure that can be used for researching intoand offering people access to and information about natural ecosystems. Thepolitically stated need to create high-quality leisure areas in or close tocities and to find ways of control-ling the resulting large numbers of visitorsformed the basis for the definition of a spatial programme. This envisaged notonly the creation of the landscape park itself, but also the construction of acentral entrance building with a nature museum and administration facility,three greenhouses, a restaurant, a bonsai museum and a related research centerwith a library and staff accommodation.

鸟瞰图

建筑群的核心部分由三间呈半球状的木格栅圆顶温室（GREENHOUSE）组成，恰到好处地镶嵌在精心塑造的地形当中。这些温室的建设汇集了来自能源设计、热性能、结构完整性、玻璃以及装配和物流的多领域技术知识。其中最大一间的无支撑跨度超过90米，是世界上最大的此类木制网格结构之一。三个圆顶都由交叉排列为两层或三层的双曲层压木梁建造而成，圆顶上装有双曲面玻璃，其中设置可开启窗扇。从上方看，木结构的主梁如同贝壳，在基地北侧紧密收拢，向南侧呈扇形散开，呈现出由结构实现的多样化半透明效果，优化了太阳能采暖性能。通过详细了解当地的气候条件、结构内部的热需求以及恰当建材的结构效率和可获得性等关键参数，设计卓有成效地将生态足迹的影响最小化。

The centerpiece of the buildings, which arevery precisely inserted into the modelled topography, consists of threegreenhouses, which were realised as three hemispherical timber lattice domes.The construction of these green-houses required the pooling of technical knowhowin the areas of energy design, thermal performance, structural integrity andglazing as well as assembly and logistics. With a free span of over 90 metres,the broadest of the three domes is one of the largest such timber latticestructures worldwide. All three domes consist of double-curved laminated timberbeams, which are arranged in two or three intersecting layers. The domes areglazed with double-curved panes of glass, some of which include openablewindows. The main beams of the timber structures that, from above, resembleshells, are tightly bunched together onthe north side of the base and fan out towards the south, creating a structurallyvaried translucency that optimises the solar gain. A detailed knowledge oflocal climatic conditions, the thermal demands inside the structure and thestructural efficiency and availability of suitable constructional resourceswere key parameters for successfully minimising the ecological footprint.

在设计的早期阶段，DMAA建筑事务所就决定在这个项目中尽可能广泛地使用木材，这一举措不仅使大规模预制得以实现，而且保证了高质量的施工，同时也让项目建立起与历史的丰富关联。

DMAA’s very early decision to use timber aswidely as possible in this project permitted not only extensive prefabricationbut also a high quality of execution, while also opening up a rich seam ofpotential historical associations.

游客沿道路经由一处大型庭院进入入口建筑（ENTRANCE BUILDING），它将引导人们走上开放楼梯，穿过楼板的圆形开口，抵达巨大的屋顶露台，从那里，他们可以饱览整个公园的景色，并且意识到建筑作为建筑与景观接口的这一双重功能。悬臂式观景平台翱翔于公园中心的水域上方，引导游客前往植物园的三间温室。

The entrance building, which is approachedfrom the access road via a large courtyard, leads visitors via an open stairthat passes through a circular opening in the slab onto a huge roof terrace,from which they can oversee the entire park and become aware of the building’stwin function as an interface between architecture and landscape. Thecantilevered vie-wing platform soars above the area of water at the heart ofthe park and directs visitors towards the three greenhouses in the botanicalgardens.

盆景博物馆（BONSAI MUSEUM）的平台按同心圆层层布置，构成精心展示这种古代远东园林艺术的结构框架，而游客的观赏路径则展现出人类驯化自然景观的过程。正如温室的巨大圆顶，盆景博物馆的底端也与景观塑造的人工地形和湖面遥相呼应，动感十足。研究中心（RESEARCH CENTER）包括一系列实验室、工作室、办公楼、车间、会议室、演讲厅和图书馆，诸多功能拆解成为不同大小的展馆群，通过底层的共用连接体块衔接起来。

The terraces of the bonsai museum, whichare laid out in concentric circles, provide the constructional framework forthis precise presentation of an ancient Far Eastern aspect of Garden Art. Thepath taken by visitors reflects the principle of a domesticated naturallandscape. Just like the mighty domes of the greenhouses, the base of thebonsai museum also reacts dynamically with the modelled topography of thelandscape and the surface of the pool. The research center containslaboratories, studios, office buildings, workshops, meeting rooms, lecturerooms and a library and is broken down into a number of pavilions of differentsizes, which are linked together by a common connecting block at ground floorlevel.

整体概念的雕塑化表达源自中国传统的木屋顶结构，建筑尝试通过结构和几何逻辑的全新诠释来体现内在一致。餐厅和茶馆（RESTAURANT/TEA HOUSE）是实践承重层之间相互堆叠与交织的完美体现，通过增添和删减相应支撑构件或结构边缘的层级，以及调整结构与空间之间的比例关系，多样的进退关系与尺度变化由此而生。

The sculptural articulation of the overall conceptis based on traditional Chinese timber roof structures, which it attempts to dojustice to by reinterpreting their structural and geometrical logic. The restaurantand tea house is a perfect example of the application of the principles ofpiled and interwoven load-bearing layers, of creating steps and scale by addingor removing layers close to supports or edges and of playing with proportionalrelationships between structure and space.

景观公园的雕塑化造型，反映出室内和户外空间的持续对话，以及建筑与景观接驳界面微妙的建筑性表达，与场地已有的基础设施有机融合为一个整体。

The constant dialogue between inside andoutside and the architecturally subtle articulation of the interface betweenarchitecture and landscape are reflected in the sculptural modelling of thelandscape park, which merges organically with the built infrastructure.

景观设计策略

总体目标

以植物多样性与植物资源保护为主旨，以收集与保护太行山、吕梁山特色植物为主的温带地区种质资源为重点，通过人工治理与自然修复相结合的方式，打造兼具园林外貌、科学内涵、三晋文化特色的综合性植物园。

设计策略

策略一：借景西山，顺应自然山水肌理塑造山水骨架

在宏观层面上，以风峪河为脉络链接西山与城市，构建“山—水—城”一体化的空间格局，形成“山川辉映，景城共融”的风貌特色。

在中观和微观层面，改造和利用现状地形，拓展丰富多样的植物生境与栖息地，为专类园建设与植物引种驯化创造了良好的立地条件。

策略二：人工治理与生态修复相结合，重塑生态本底

在土壤修复层面，通过种植重金属超富集植物、构建自然演替森林等方式，逐步修复受煤矸石、煤泥、污水长期污染的土地，以生态手段解决生态问题。

在山体创面修复层面，针对高差大、坡度陡、坡体不稳定、降雨季节分配不均等现状问题，创新性提出“台地式山体创面修复技术”，并选用太原西山地区的原生树种作为植物材料，实现山体复绿。

策略三：顺应自然山水肌理确定功能布局，遵循科学分类划定植物分区

充分考虑植物园的功能需求与后期运营需求，将园区划分为综合服务区、植物科学分类区、植物科学应用区与科学实验区，并结合自然山水肌理将各功能区科学布局。在植物科学分类区内采用“克朗奎斯特植物科学分类系统”划定植物的种植分区。

策略四：构建多样性、规模化的专类园与主题园

综合考虑不同植物的生长习性、观赏特性以及市民的游赏诉求等因素，构建25个具有园林外貌、科学内涵的专类园与主题园。

策略五：策划丰富多彩的节事活动，凸显植物园的公益属性与社会价值

随着时代发展，植物园已从最初仅服务于科学研究，逐渐发展为提供科普教育和公众参与的场所。在规划设计中，我们策划了季节性赏花节、花园节等节庆活动和植物认知、插花课堂、盆景艺术展等公益科普活动，使植物园成为具有重要科普教育价值的公益性机构和文化场所。

策略六：强化解释体系的“用户体验感”，使公众在互动参与中感悟自然，认识自然

从标识牌的简单设置，转向渐进式、叙事性的解释体系：结合植物展示系统与游览路径，构建与游客的认知过程、游赏过程相一致的导引与科普系统；从单一游赏观光，转向深度体验：结合植物科学应用区，布置青少年实践圃地、家庭园艺园、阳台花卉园等具有深度互动参与性的主题景观。

项目信息

TAIYUAN BOTANICAL GARDEN

Project manager: Sebastian Brunke, DiogoTeixeira

Project team: Maria Dirnberger, VolkerGessendorfer, Bernd Heger, Tom Peter-Hindelang, Klara Jörg, Rangel Karaivanov,Leonard Kern, Kinga Kwasny, Toni Nachev, Martin Schneider, Petras Vestartas

Category: Landscape, Museum, Restaurant

Location: Jinyuan District, Taiyuan City,China

Start of planning: 2015

Completion: 2021

Client: Botanical Garden Taiyuan

Gross surface area: 54 600 m²

Construction volume: 329 861,00 m³

Site area: 182 hectares

CONSULTANTS Coordination: Yiju Ding

Architecture Executive planning: Instituteof Shanghai Architectural Design & Research (Co.,Ltd.)

Structural engineering: Bollinger + GrohmannIngenieure

Structural engineering Timber structures:StructureCraft