混凝土『双锥圆顶』和背后的力量感空间塞戈维亚艺术与技术中心丨 S-M.A.O.

塞戈维亚艺术与技术中心

塞戈维亚，西班牙

项目刊载于《建筑创作》2021年05期 “建筑中的混凝土”

本项目资料均由S-M.A.O. 提供

文字翻译：张维宸李晓君

图纸翻译：路璐

塞戈维亚艺术与技术中心（The Center for Arts and Technology ，CAT）是一项公共计划的一部分。西班牙正在尝试建立一种新的市场模式，围绕新技术产业开发全新的片区，并融入其文化和社会表达，这项计划便是其中的举措之一。

The Circle for Arts and Technology (CAT) in Segovia is part of a public initiative – which is included in the new market model that Spain is trying to stablish – to develop a new area around the industry of new technologies, including its cultural and social expressions.

我们将要设计的这座建筑是大卫• 奇普菲尔德建筑事务所（David Chipperfield Architects）为整个艺术和技术圈设计的总体规划的一部分。这项总体规划提出以一系列纯粹的、基本的、带有清晰几何特征的体量作为所有建筑项目的原点。在这个新的片区中，我们设计了三座建筑，每座都有各自的要求和用途，分别是知识中心（the Center for Knowledge）、创新与商业发展中心（the Innovation and Business Development Center ）和艺术创作中心（the Center for Artistic Creation），它们将分阶段陆续建造。

The buildings we are going to develop are part of a Master-Plan designed by David Chipperfield Architects for the whole Circle for Arts and Technology. This Master-Plan proposes a series of pure, primary volumes, with a clear geometry as a starting point for the architecture projects. In this new area, we develop three of the buildings, each with a different brief and use: the Center for Knowledge, the Innovation and Business Development Center and the Center for Artistic Creation, which will be constructed in consecutive phases.

这三座建筑共同塑造出了一个城市空间、一个广场，彼此之间通过环绕的步道连接，另一方面也构成了建筑自身和外部之间的缓冲空间。这条环形路径原本是总体规划给定的一个限制条件，我们以此作为契机，将这三座建筑作为一个整体来处理，将路径上的各个单点贯穿串联，实现了空间上的连续性。基于这个出发点，这条环形路径以及各种连接所构成的内外关系，成为了项目的重要影响因素。

These three buildings shape an urban space, a plaza, and connect with each other with a perimeter gallery that creates a spatial cushion between the buildings themselves and the exterior. This perimeter path, a condition stablished form the Master- Plan, is used here as an opportunity to treat the three budlings as an ensemble, throughout spatial continuities and singular strained points that may occur along that path. From this starting point, the inside-outside relationship, throughout the perimeter paths and connections, becomes a significant factor in the project.

另外，由于这三座都是公共建筑，都有各自独特的规模和外部形象，加上刚才提到过的环形步道，都是这次设计工作中最主要的变量。围绕这些概念，也基于每座建筑的特点，包括各自的用途、规模、地理位置、项目要求和最终用户，我们提出了三种不同的空间模式。我们在每个项目中都会采取独立的空间策略，它们均源自于我们多年来一直在探索和发展的主题，在这次项目中，这些策略通过力量和表达得到了实现。

On the same matter, as these buildings are public buildings, their character scale and image, along with the already mentioned perimeter gallery, are the main work variables. - Around these concepts, we propose three different spatial situations, based on the singularity of each of the buildings, that depends on their use, scale, situation, requirements and final user. This leads us to apply independent spatial strategies in each of the projects, based upon topics we have been developing throughout the years and that materialize with strength and expression in this case.

双锥圆顶

其中，创新与商业发展中心（CIDE）最先开始施工。这个项目的形体生成自一个位于初步体块边缘的外部通高凹面空间开始，建筑的空间尺度、建筑语言和“标准”纵向组织皆由这个双锥圆顶所决定。

The first building to be constructed is the CIDE. This project generates from a full-height external point of spatial concavity in the edge of the initial block. This concavity - a biconical dome - determines the spatial scale, the language of the building and the “standard” longitudinal organization.

这里我们提出的所谓建筑“标准”，指的是我们将在这三座建筑上运用的功能和空间策略，以一种近乎爵士乐的方式，结合在每个单体项目中和谐展开的20 世纪旋律建筑的“经典”主题这一基底，在此之上，将勾勒和支配着各个单体的、更为个性化的诸个微主题并置在一起。

This architectural “standard” we suggest, is a functional and spatial strategy that we will use on the three buildings, almost in a jazzy manner, with the use of a base, a melodicarchitectural “classic” theme of the 20th century, that in each project is developed harmoniously, building upon it a juxtaposition of more personal micro-themes that outline and determine each project.

北立面

CIDE 具有紧凑的白色混凝土体量，根据总体规划的城规限制，由地上四层和地下一层组成。这些楼层分两部分堆叠起来，较低的两层容纳大多数公共功能，不对外开放的办公室则位于三层和四层。这两部分都由楼梯和电梯构成的核心筒相连，后者形成一条包含共用和公共功能的中央脊线。

The CIDE is a compact white concrete volume, responding to the urban constraints of the master plan, with four floors and one basement. These floors stack in two layers with the most public uses in two lower floors and the private offices on the second and third floors. Both strata are connected with staircase and elevator cores, which form a central spine comprised of common and public uses.

入口

从入口空间开始，CIDE 按照不同的尺度和空间特征展开，实现其各项功能。在底层，双锥圆顶沿着建筑一侧穿过内部空间，在一层和二层营造出“生活实验室”区域（用于入口和展览），一直延续到广场。作为会议或公共集会场所的多功能室、餐厅或公共行政办公室等其它公共功能也分布在这两个楼层。礼堂位于较低的两层，地下室则容纳着建筑运行所需的全部机电室及设备。

From the access spatial point, the CIDE unfolds from the different scales and spatial traits, implementing the uses. This way, on the ground floor, a double conical dome traverses the building along its side, creating the Living-Lab area (an access and exhibition area) on the ground and first floors, in continuity with the square. Other public uses, as a multipurpose room for conferences and/or public gatherings, a cafeteria or public administration offices develop through these two floors. The auditorium is in the two lower levels. The basement houses all needed MEP rooms and equipment for the running of the building.

首层庭院

建筑的目标用户，即新技术和视觉营销领域的中小型企业要求在上部楼层中布置与众不同的工作环境，如户外工作、漫游办公、功能可变等，这为设计创造了各种各样的可能性，同时也使得不同空间的功能和解读更为丰富，促进建筑的内部交通，并使其远离“既定”理解。

The target user of the building, small and medium-sized businesses on the field of new technologies and visual markets, calls for unusual work situations in the upper floors - working outdoors, hot-desking, changing uses, etc. - that produce a wide range of possibilities, and at the same time enrich the use and interpretation of the different spaces, boosting the circulations within the building and rendering them afar from a “coded” interpretation.

四层室外空间

建筑北侧设置了四个两层通高办公室空间，由内部专用楼梯连接，并且可以通往位于上层的庭院。在南侧，沿长立面布置有一间独立办公室。这些办公空间可以共享，也可进一步划分为适合各种规模企业的尺寸。为了确保灵活性，我们认为景观式办公室布局是实现该种组织方式的最有效手法。

At the north of the building, there are four double-height office spaces, connected with a private staircase and with access to the upper courtyard. At the south, a single office develops along the long façade. The office spaces can be shared or further divided to fit businesses of all sizes. To ensure flexibility, we targeted the landscape office layout design as the most efficient for this type of intervention.

3-4层通高办公空间

所有楼层都由中央脊线联系组织在一起，其中包括公共休息室、更衣室、洗手间和交通核。在上部楼层中，中央脊线分作裂隙式庭院，将天光带入到办公空间和公共区域之中，同时防止太阳辐射，控制室温并优化建筑的能源平衡。全部空间都享有天光和自然通风，因此这一系列庭院对建筑整体来说至关重要。

All floors are bound together and organized with a central spine of shared uses: common rooms, changing rooms, bathrooms and circulation cores. On the upper floors, this central spine becomes a fissure like courtyard that bring light onto the office spaces and common areas, while protecting from solar radiation, controlling temperature and optimizing the energy balance of the building. These series of courtyards are a vital part of the building as a whole, as all spaces have daylight and natural ventilation.

三层庭院

四层庭院

为这个项目特别设计的圆顶和特色空间需要通过专门的施工过程来实现。所有混凝土构件都是现场浇筑而成，以便更好地控制形状和用量。

The domes and spatial features developed for this project require a very specific construction process. All concrete elements were casted in-place, for a better control of shapes and dosage.

混凝土现场浇筑

首先，为了项目的顺利施工，一种高科技混凝土被开发出来以达到形体要求。为实现既满足应力需求且能够正常浇筑的触变混凝土，必须用到多种添加剂。此外，这些添加剂的用量也需经过仔细研究以实现金白色表面以及蛋壳色泽效果。研制出的混凝土需要满足以上两个标准。

In order to build it, first, a highly technological concrete was developed to achieve the required forms. Several additives had to be used to achieve a thixotropic concrete that could sustain the required stresses while being able to be casted properly. Furthermore, the dosage of these additives and the concrete raw materials was carefully researched to also achieve a golden-white color, with an egg-shell sheen. The concrete developed needed to be able to satisfy these two criterions.

混凝土浇筑效果

至于圆顶部分，它的形状使得仅用胶合板作为模板难以高质量实现预期的饰面效果。因此，在设计模板时将甲基丙烯酸酯作为润色元素，以此控制板材排布，并使得控制模板的剥离成为可能。

For the domes, the shapes made it difficult to achieve the highquality expected finish only by using plywood as a formwork surface. Therefore, methacrylate was used as a finishing element when designing the formwork, controlling the set-out of the panels and making the form stripping possible to control.

我们与负责施工过程的模板和脚手架公司ULMA建设共同设计了圆顶的模板结构。处理底层生活实验室区域的纵向圆顶时，其双半球的形状被分割为多个部分。在较低的楼层，实现其最终几何形体的第一步是设置一种定心结构。在此之上，一系列支柱为支撑模板的上层部分提供了线性构件，然后将张紧器锁在这些水平支柱上以补偿高度，使其更加接近最终的形体。接下来，将所需的几何形体向地面方向偏移，为一组按照最终形状、由数控机床切割完成的木质肋架留出空间。在这些木质肋架之上，ULMA VM-20 木梁在创造稳定几何形状的同时，也确保了荷载的均匀分布以及强大的抗冲击能力。构建双锥圆顶的最终形状时，由于更厚的单层板材无法实现双曲面，在这里使用了两层9 毫米厚的胶合板。

The formworks structures for the domes were designed along with ULMA Construction, the formwork and scaffolding company in charge of the construction process. For the longitudinal domes of the Living Lab area on the ground floor, the double-domed shape was divided into sections. On the lower level, a centering structure made the first approach to the finishing geometry. On top of this a series of struts provided linear elements to support the upper layers of the formwork. Then, tensioners were latched onto these horizontal struts to compensate the height and approach to the final geometry further. Next, the desired geometry was offset towards the ground to create a series of CNC cut wooden ribs that followed the final shape. On top of this ribs, the ULMA VM-20 timber beams ensured a homogeneous spread of the load and a strong resistance to impacts, while creating a stable geometry. To build the final shape of the biconical domes, 2 layers of 9 mm plywood were used, as a thicker board would not have achieved a double curvature.

除此之外，为了确保最终成品效果，甲基丙烯酸酯板材由螺丝固定其上。在圆顶的饰面区域，由于其所需形状和现场可用空间的限制，无法利用常规的模板系统，在此处为了给胶合板和甲基丙烯酸酯表面提供支撑，专门定制了相应形状的木楔。

On top of that and to ensure the finish, the methacrylate panels where screwed. For the finishing areas of the domes, in which the require shapes and available space made it impossible to use a conventional formwork system, bespoke wooden wedges were made as a support for the plywood + methacrylate surfaces.

生活实验室穹顶塑形过程

生活实验室内景

入口中庭双锥圆顶的施工建设与底层生活实验室的两个圆顶遵循相同原则。然而，这一结构需要更为复杂的混凝土支撑系统。定心系统在空间中完成，而非分段进行。此外，为了管理数控切割的木肋，几何形体必须分成多个区域。然而，这些不同的区域须在外观上无缝衔接，避免隆起或转角等瑕疵。最后一层胶合板和甲基丙烯酸酯板材确保了浇筑混凝土时的连续无缝表面。此外，圆顶的几何形体使其无法利用常规垫片，因此，全部钢筋必须预先组装、捆绑并固定在一起，然后从起重机上悬挂下来以进行浇筑。

穹顶塑形过程

所有这些过程都完成得极其谨慎，以避免对完成面造成破坏。该圆顶的混凝土浇筑分两层进行，这是为了使其达到适当强度，并确保混合料填满整个表面。两次浇筑连续进行，并且使用了一种推进系统，以便为两层混凝土间提供必要的结合，因而混凝土必须具有足够的流动性才能进行浇筑，但流动性不能过强，以免流淌滑出原位，这为混凝土混合料的设计增加了又一层复杂性。

xAll this process was done with anuttermost care in order to not damage the finishing surface. The pouring of theconcrete for this dome was done in two layers to achieve the proper strengthand ensure that the mix filled in all of the surface. Both pourings were doneconsecutively, in order to provide the necessary bind to the concrete, and witha propelling system. As such, the concrete had to be fluid enough to be pouredbut not too fluid so that it flowed and slip out of place. Hence, another levelof complexity was added to the design of the concrete mixture.

为了完成建筑立面，我们专门为这个项目设计了一种玻璃幕墙系统——ZERO-SOLAR幕墙。这种幕墙系统具有双层通风表皮。外表皮由在顶部和底部提供支撑的丝网印刷玻璃长片组成，各构件之间相距15毫米，以便通风。内表皮为双层防水中空玻璃幕墙。外部的绢网印花玻璃表皮适应其周边的特定方向和环境条件，与高性能内表皮相结合，可以最大限度地减少建筑内部的能源浪费，提供了与外界环境隔绝的高质量保温层。

To complete the façade of the building, wedesigned a glass façade with a system specifically developed for this project,namely the ZERO-SOLAR façade. This façade system features a ventilated doubleskin. The outer skin consists on long serigraph glass pieces with a 15 mmbetween elements to provide ventilation, supported at the top and bottom. Theinner skin is a watertight double insulated glass curtain wall. The outerserigraph skin adapts to the specific orientations and conditions of itssurroundings, and in combination with the high-performance inner skin, minimizethe energy waste within the building and provide a high insulation from theexterior.

南立面幕墙

项目信息

CAT - Innovation and Business Development Center

Architects:

Sancho-Madridejos Architecture Office.

Juan Carlos Sancho, Sol Madridejos, Ana Vinagre

Design Team: Esther Jimenez, Carlos Seco, Anja Lunge, Enrique Tazón, Joaquín Planell, Bárbara Sos, Laura Ros, Daniel G. Marinas, Ding Ting Chen, Herve Lot, Elena Machín, Pedro Viana, Esther Elmiger, Limor Yossifon, Irene García.

Location: Segovia, Spain

Design: 2008

Completion: 2020

Client: Segovia City Hall

Area: 8660㎡

Consultants: Luis G. Anero-Laboratorio de Arquitectura Moderna (building engineer), Mariano G. Otero (building engineer), Idee Madrid (structure engineer), Bernabeu Ingenieros + Alberto López (structure site supervision), R. Úrculo Ingenieros Consultores (MEP engineer)

Contractor: Volconsa / OHL-Segesa / Rogasa

/ 项目图纸 /

▼ 场地平面图（橙色标注为本项目）