荐书 | 22本改变我们思维方式的书籍推荐（下）

Hello，

这里是行上行下，我是喵君姐姐~

全文共8173字，预计读完用时21分钟。

往期推荐：22本改变我们思维方式的书籍推荐（上）。

注意喔！上期名字写错了，以现在更正的为准~再次感谢纠正我们错误的小可爱，谢谢你对我们公众号的用心。

这期分享是英文书籍，小编不想翻译，因此我们的推荐也采用英文。小编悄悄告诉大家，点击右上角的三个点，可以全文翻译呢~

1.《Treatment Plans and Interventions for Depression and Anxiety Disorder》

This widely used book is packed with indispensable tools for treating the most common clinical problems encountered in outpatient mental health practice.

Chapters provide basic information on depression and the six major anxiety disorders; step-by-step instructions for evidence-based assessment and intervention; illustrative case examples; and practical guidance for writing reports and dealing with third-party payers.

In a convenient large-size format,the book features 74 reproducible clienthandouts, homework sheets, and therapist forms for assessment and recordkeeping.

The CD-ROM enables clinicians to rapidly generate individualized treatment plans, print extra copies of the forms, and find information on frequently prescribed medications.

2.《 An Introduction to Formal Logic》

Formal logic provides us with a powerful set of techniques for criticizing some arguments and showing others to be valid. These techniques are relevant to all of us with an interest in being skilful and accurate reasoners.

In this highly accessible book, Peter Smith presents a guide to the fundamental aims and basic elements of formal logic.

He introduces the reader to the languages of propositional and predicate logic, and then develops formal systems for evaluating arguments translated into these languages, concentrating on the easily comprehensible 'tree' method.

His discussion is richly illustrated withworked examples and exercises. A distinctive feature is that, alongside theformal work, there is illuminating philosophical commentary.

This book will make an ideal text for a first logic course, and will provide a firm basis forfurther work in formal and philosophical logic.

3.《 Introduction to Logic》

This well-organized book was designed to introduce students to a way of thinking that encourages precision andaccuracy.

As the text for a course in modern logic, it familiarizes readerswith a complete theory of logical inference and its specific applications to mathematics and the empirical sciences.

Part I deals with formal principles of inference and definition, including adetailed attempt to relate the formal theory of inference to the standardinformal proofs common throughout mathematics.

An in-depth exploration ofelementary intuitive set theory constitutes Part II, with separate chapters onsets, relations, and functions.

The final section deals with theset-theoretical foundations of the axiomatic method and contains, in both the discussion and exercises, numerous examples of axiomatically for mulated theories.

Topics range from the theory of groups and the algebra of the real numbers to elementary probability theory, classical particle mechanics, and thetheory of measurement of sensation intensities.

Ideally suited for undergraduate courses, this text requires no background inmathematics or philosophy.

4.《Theory and Reality: AnIntroduction to the Philosophy of Science》

What makes science different from other ways of investigating the world?

In Theoryand Reality, Peter Godfrey-Smith uses debates--such as the problem of confirmation, the new riddle of induction, and the problem of scientific realism--as a way to introduce, in a completely accessible way, the main themesin the philosophy of science.

Intended for undergraduates and general readerswith no prior background in philosophy, Theory and Reality starts by surveyingthe last hundred years of work in the field.

It covers logical positivism;induction and confirmation; Karl Popper's theory of science; Thomas Kuhn and "scientificrevolutions"; the radical views of Imre Lakatos, Larry Laudan, and PaulFeyerabend; and challenges to the field from sociology of science, feminism,and science studies.

The book then looks in detail at some of the broader philosophical issues at stake, such as philosophical naturalism, scientificrealism, theories of explanation in science, Bayesianism, and other moderntheories of evidence.

Finally, Godfrey-Smith presents his own proposal forapproaching the philosophy of science.

Throughout the text he points outconnections between philosophical debates and wider discussions about sciencein recent decades, such as the infamous "science wars."

Examples andasides engage the beginning student, a glossary of terms explains key concepts,and suggestions for further reading are included at the end of each chapter.

Like no other text in this field, Theory and Reality combines a survey ofrecent history of the philosophy of science with current key debates inlanguage that any beginning scholar or critical reader can follow.

5.《The Structure of Scientific Revolutions》

Since the publication of this bookin 1962, Kuhn's writings (and many of his ideas, such as "paradigmshift") have been highly influential in academic and popular discourse.

This book is must-reading for anyone studying the history and philosophy ofscience specifically, or cultural or technological change generally.

Since Kuhn does not permit truth tobe a criterion of scientific theories, he would presumably not claim his owntheory to be true.

But if causing a revolution is the hallmark of a superior paradigm, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has been a resounding success.

6.《The Logic of ScientificDiscovery》

When first published in 1959, this book revolutionized contemporary thinking aboutscience and knowledge.

It remains the one of the most widely read books aboutscience to come out of the twentieth century.

7.《Exceeding Our Grasp:Science, History, and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives》

The historical record of scientific inquiry, Stanford suggests, is characterized bywhat he calls the problem of unconceived alternatives.

Past scientists have routinely failed even to conceive of alternatives to their own theories andlines of theoretical investigation, alternatives that were both well-confirmedby the evidence available at the time and sufficiently serious as to beultimately accepted by later scientific communities.

Stanford supports thisclaim with a detailed investigation of the mid-to-late 19th century theories ofinheritance and generation proposed in turn by Charles Darwin, Francis Galton,and August Weismann.

He goes on to argue that this historical pattern strongly suggests that there are equally well-confirmed and scientifically serious alternatives to our own best theories that remain currently unconceived.

Moreover, this challenge is more serious than those rooted in either theso-called pessimistic induction or the underdetermination of theories byevidence, in part because existing realist responses to these latter challenges offer no relief from the problem of unconceived alternatives itself.

Stanford concludes by investigating what positive account of the spectacularly successful edifice of modern theoretical science remains open to us if we accept that our best scientific theories are powerful conceptual tools for accomplishing our practical goals, but abandon the view that the descriptionsof the world around us that they offer are therefore even probably orapproximately true.

"Stanford has genuinely advanced the philosophical discussion about scientific realism with his careful articulation of theproblem of unconceived alternatives."-- The Review of Metaphysics

"Stanford's book deserves to be widely read. Its central argument is clearly stated, itsconclusion is radical, it engages in a productive fashion with detailed casestudies, and it lays down several substantial challenges to scientific realism.Lastly, it is consistently thought-provoking."-Science

8.《The republic》

Plato's best-known dialogue. According to Wikipedia:"The Republic is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BCconcerning the definition of justice and the order and character of the justcity-state and the just man.

The dramatic date of the dialogue has been muchdebated and though it must take place some time during the Peloponnesian War,"there would be jarring anachronisms if any of the candidate specificdates between 432 and 404 were assigned".

It is Plato's best-known workand has proven to be one of the most intellectually and historically influential works of philosophy and political theory.

In it, Socrates along with various Athenians and foreigners discuss the meaning of justice and examine whether or not the just man is happier than the unjust man by considering a series of different cities coming into existence "in speech", culminating in a city (Kallipolis) ruled by philosopher-kings;and by examining the nature of existing regimes.

The participants also discussthe theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the roles of the philosopher and of poetry in society."

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