美华史记 | 针对华人的暴力:陈年往事的新篇章
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书写历史,教育公众,捍卫法制,维护斯文
作者:黄倩(Qian Huang)
编辑:欣欣然(Xin Su)
Title: The Violence Against Chinese: New Extension of an Old Story
( Please read English abstract at the end of the article. )
引 言
针对华人的仇恨犯罪绝非一种新现象,而是一段陈年往事的新篇章。
-美国亚裔历史学家,明尼苏达州大教授李漪莲
-菲尔泽,特拉华大学教授
华人不滚就吃子弹!
-19世纪后半叶排华期间最著名的口号
-美国亚裔历史学家,明尼苏达州大教授李漪莲
“不给这些中国佬立锥之地”
“不给这些中国佬立锥之地”,这句话概括了泛滥了几十年的针对华人的暴力驱逐。
华人成批移民美国始于1848年加州发现黄金。淘金热之后,加州太平洋铁路最繁忙时招募了1万多华工打通内华达山脉,用铁路连通了美国东西两岸。1869年太平洋铁路竣工,1873年美国出现经济萧条,加州华人立刻被当成“替罪羊” 。 “中国人必须滚,要不就吃子弹!” 成了如火如荼的排华运动最著名的口号。加州随即通过了一系列立法排斥华人。美国国会最终在1882年通过了持续了62年的《排华法案》。
《排华法案》完全违背了美国”人人平等“的立国之本。仇恨,污蔑和赤裸裸种族歧视华人的言论不仅仅来自工会、媒体,而且来自国会议员们,甚至来自总统候选人。因为除了对华人的歧视之外,这些政客们为了赢得西部工会的选票,不惜背叛“人人平等”这条美国最根本原则。为了阻止政客代表华人利益,该法案不仅禁止华人进入美国,还禁止在美国的华人加入美国籍进而拥有投票权。这条联邦法案通过后,美国西北地区掀起了一场广泛而持久的针对华人的暴力驱逐。
1854年,华人无权出庭作证,导致枪杀华人的凶手无罪释放
最早的记载是1854年加州最高法院案子一个案子“控告豪尔”(People v. Hall). 【1】
1853年8月9日,一个名叫乔治霍尔的白人矿工,伙同他的兄弟和另外一人,在内华达县的贝尔河持枪打劫正在河边干活的华人林盛的淘金工具,矿工林兴(音译)闻声赶来被霍尔枪杀。由于加州法律规定华人无权出庭做出不利于白人的证词,加州最高法院判决凶手豪尔无罪释放。
图1,刊登“控告豪尔”案的加州历史协会刊物封面展示华人矿工野外生活。
以下记录来自特拉华教授菲尔泽的书《驱逐-被遗忘的美国排华站争》【2】:
ABSTRACT
The rising violence against Asian Americans is an extension of a long history. Although Chinese immigrants were discriminated from the beginning, the anti-Chinese violence reached its peak around the Chinese Exclusion Act. It indicates that the anti-Chinese violence is a result of the systemic racism.
参考资料:
1. https://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/2017-Newsletter-Spring-People-v.-Hall.pdf
2. JeanPfaelzer. Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans. Universityof Califonia Press.
3. Ibid
4. Ibid
5. DanielLiestman “To Win Redeemed Souls from Heathen Darkness”: Protestant Response tothe Chinese of the Pacific Northwest in the Late Nineteenth Century
6. LipingZhu, “The Road to Chinese Exclusion: The Denver Riot”, 2013
7. CraigStorti , “The Incident at Bitter Creek: The Story of the Rock Springs ChineseMassacre” 1st Edition,1990
8. https://www.tacomamethod.com/
9. R.Gregory Nokes, Massacred for Gold, The Chinese In the Hells Canyon. Oregon State University Press,2009.
10.JeanPfaelzer. Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans. Universityof California Press.
11.Ibid
12.“美国华人维权先驱王清福” http://ahistoricalrecord.com/manuscript/wong-chin-foo
13.MartinB. Gold “Forbidden Citizens, Chinese Exclusion and the US Congress: aLegislative Story”, p. 416
图源
1.http://socal-appellate.blogspot.com/2017/06/nowavailable-springsummer-latest-issue.html
2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871#/media/File:Los_Angeles,_corpses_of_Chinese_victims,_Oct_1871.jpg
3.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry-Ward-Beecher.jpg
4.https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/sites/default/files/1880_Anti-Chinese_Riot_in_Denver_anagoria.JPG
5.https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51WTNdXMusL._SX329_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg
6.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Massacre_of_the_Chinese_at_Rock_Springs_b.jpg
7.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Tacoma_Pac_Ave_1885.jpg
8.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885#/media/File:Mayor_Weisbach.jpg
9.https://chineseamerican.nyhistory.org/explore/united-states-china-1783-1905/
10.https://s3.amazonaws.com/cdn.bunkhistory.org/derivatives/rectangle_large/images/2019-11-12/$2y$10$DIQ6YJUQYdaoCR6hox9Qf.lT5Ffyp01FynSc8cBqBCsb9kqOdTaRi/1341px-Tacoma_27.jpg
11.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886#/media/File:West_Shore_Magazine_on_the_Seattle_anti-Chinese_riot_02.jpg
12.http://media.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/photo/10286983-large.jpg
13.Columbia The Magazine of Northwest History
14.Credits to Greg Nokes, author of “Massacred for the Gold”
15.Ibid
16.Ibid
17.Ibid
18.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Uzma-Rizvi/publication/327171107/figure/fig3/AS:860703804125189@1582219186885/Chinatown-fire-1887-Courtesy-History-San-Jose.ppm
19.https://i0.wp.com/chineseamerican.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA10-1558477625.jpeg?w=1200&ssl=1
20.https://miro.medium.com/max/324/0*ejpC4I3PuGMuWay3
21.https://backstagepasswithliachang.files.wordpress.com/2020/12/lily-chin.jpg
22.https://sites.duke.edu/technofinal/files/2020/04/pasted-image-0-300×192.png
23.https://i0.wp.com/chineseamerican.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA10-1558477625.jpeg?w=1200&ssl=1
24.https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_First_Chinese_American/r80fGYjnDFkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
25.Credits to “Boston Daily Globe”,1892
26.http://www.firstchineseamerican.com/images/-appeal.gif
27.https://www.villagepreservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/CERL-Membership-Village-Preservation-300×213.jpg
28.https://media.gettyimages.com/photos/illustration-entitled-where-both-platforms-agree-no-vote-no-use-to-picture-id1070676542
29.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election#/media/File:JamesGarfield.jpg
30.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election#/media/File:WinfieldScottHancock2.jpg
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