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鹦鹉没有嘴唇、没有牙齿，为什么也可以“说人话”？这其实是因为，鸟类与人类用“喉”发声不同，而是依靠独有的“鸣管”结构。这个紧连肺部的小管道有着超高的“自由度”，无需其它的器官配合，就可以轻松控制气体发出各种声音。


而鹦鹉更是控制声音的个中高手——擅长交流的他们从出生就开始不断地练习技巧，能同时控制食管、舌头和喙来辅助发声。这些特性相互叠加，共同组成了它们“模仿人类说话”的能力。
This is what a macaque monkey would sound like if it suddenly proposed. Yeah, I hate it too. Let’s play it again: Now of course, that’s not a real monkey, it’s a computer simulation that was part of a study on monkey vocal tracts. 
And what it shows is that monkeys have a strikingly similar vocal structure to humans. But despite all these similarities, they can’t speak So here’s a question. Compared to monkeys, birds are nothing like us. Yet this bird’s talking to me right now. How? 
Birds don’t have lips. They don’t have teeth, their “nose” is totally different from ours, but they do have something we don’t. They actually have a different kind of voice box than we do. It's called a syrinx. This is Mya Thompson – She studies birds at Cornell University. 
They actually have two independent voice boxes. In birds, and in humans, the lower respiratory system is shaped sort of like an upside down slingshot. The top part is the trachea, or windpipe, the bottom part is the lungs, and these two pieces move air in and out. 
In humans, the voice box is called the larynx, and it’s located above the trachea. It contains vocal “folds” that vibrate when air flows through to produce sound. And humans primarily shape that sound with their mouths. 
But in birds, the voice box is called the "syrinx". And it’s at the bottom of the trachea. Instead of just sending air through vocal folds like we do, birds actually control the muscles on the walls of the syrinx to shape and produce sound. 
Take a look at this cardinal as it sings. You can actually see that the noise comes directly from the chest. The bird extends and shortens its neck and opens or closes its beak to refine the noise, but most of the control is actually happening in the syrinx. 
It’s a powerful sound for such a small animal, but that’s not even the most impressive part: Cardinals tend to make these "whoop" notes and they go by very very quickly. They're able to produce more pitches than a piano in less than a tenth of a second. 
They're actually switching from one side of the syrinx to another seamlessly to make this very very incredible span of pitches. The syrinx also lets some birds replicate sounds with astonishing accuracy. For example, BBC Wildlife caught a lyrebird perfectly imitating a camera in the wild And of course, some of them imitate us. Parrots are born communicators. 
From the start their brains are wired for speech. So when they're first hatched they're learning right away and they're learning from everything around them. But speaking human is no easy feat. We’ve got our vowels A - E - I - O - U. Our plosives “Pocket”. 
And a variety of consonants – that we even sometimes struggle to enunciate clearly So to pull off such clarity in human speech, parrots really show off their ability to manipulate their vocal tract. Plosives, for example, require using our lips. 
To make up for the lack of lips, parrots use something called esophageal speech – it's almost like burping that comes from within the trachea. The force of air replicates the plosive. As for vowels, where we use our lips, tongue and jaw, researchers have found that parrots move their tongues forward and backward and adjust their beak opening to alter the sound. 
It seems like they are the only birds that are actually using their tongue like humans do to shape the sound that's coming out. Parrots have a natural desire to communicate. In the wild they form strong bonds with their flocks, but in captivity, the parrot forms a social bond with you and they want to communicate with you and they have the vocal anatomy to start mimicking you. 
When parrots live with us, we’re their flock and they’re determined to sing our song. So in this video I showed you some of the physiology that lets birds produce sounds. But I wanted a quick and easy way to show you some of the interesting background research on the neurology that allows some of them to speak. 
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