丹尼尔·霍普《重写维瓦尔第“四季”》
InterviewDaniel Hope 
 Escape to Paradise
霍普访谈丨关于《逃离天堂》
Violinist Daniel Hope is known for producing what can only be called classical ‘concept albums’- personal selections of pieces that explore a certain theme or story. His latest disc, Escape to Paradise, traces the lives of some of the composers whose flight from the Third Reich led them to work in Hollywood during its Golden Age–music for the American big screen but very often with a look backward to the vanished communities of the Old World.
小提琴手丹尼尔·霍普(Daniel Hope)以他发行的只能被称为“理念专辑”的古典专辑而闻名。这种“理念专辑”是由演奏者根据一个特定的主题或故事下自由选曲而成的。在丹尼尔的最新专辑《逃离天堂》中,他用音乐回溯了一些作曲家们的生活,他们选择在好莱坞的黄金时代(Golden Age)逃离第三帝国(Third Reich,第三帝国指希特勒统治下的德国),来到好莱坞工作。这些音乐多为美国大银幕所作,但往往是在回顾过去已然消失旧世界。
I caught up with Daniel to explore the ideas behind this fascinating album further.
我们跟着丹尼尔一起,进一步来探寻这张迷人专辑背后的理念。
丹尼尔·霍普演奏埃尔加《b小调小提琴协奏曲》第二乐章 

Nearly half the tracks on this album seem to be “love themes”, or themes from films –did you find building an album up from these relatively short, motif-like pieces very different from putting together a more“conventional”selection?
问:几乎这张专辑里的大半作品都与“爱”相关,或是选自一些电影的主题。你有没有想过用这样选曲来制作一张专辑,从这些相对体裁较小的,或主题类似的作品中选出一些作品或是把一个更为“传统”的选曲放在一起之间会有什么不同吗?
>I don’t really do “conventional”. Every one of my 25 albums to date has had its own challenges, especially when it comes to putting together the track listing. I agonize over it for months until I have the feeling that the album works as a whole, that it tells a story.
霍普我从来都不是一个“传统”的人。目前为止,我录制25张专辑中的每首曲子都会面临它独有的挑战,尤其是在我把它们整理成专辑的时候。我为此绞尽脑汁了好几个月,直到我认为这张专辑整体上的理念架构是可行的。因为它讲述的是一个故事。

Indeed, why so many love themes at all? They’re often among the most memorable tunes in a soundtrack, but they don’t necessarily sit very well with the theme of composers in exile...
霍普确实,为什么我们有那么多与爱情主题相关的音乐?它们通常是配乐中最令人难忘的曲调之一,但是他们并不一定会很好地接受这次专辑里关于流亡作曲家的主题。
>Of 18 tracks I count 4 Love Themes. I wanted to show what the European ear and psyche was listening to before the departure of certain composers, from the 11-year old Korngold and the end of the Wagner-Mahler-Zemlinsky era to the Berlin show and film songs of the 1920s and 1930s –the music that my Berlin grandparents adored. I also thought it important to demonstrate how the sound of those composers changed after their arrival in Hollywood. At the same time, the audacious demands on the composers in the Hollywood hothouse intrigued me: a former pupil of Ravel might have to write a Viennese waltz one minute, a cowboy song or a can-can the next. I soon realised that the tracklisting was becoming an examination of “escape”in its many forms: the physical, forced departure from Europe; the escape from within the form of the music itself, which must have been baffling to many of the composers; and, in no small way, the escapism of the silver screen and what it meant and still means to so many.
在我的18张专辑中,有4张专辑的主题是爱。但这次在某些作曲家离开前,我想展示给世界欧洲人的耳朵在聆听什么他们的灵魂在感受什么。从11岁的康果尔德(KorngoldErich Wolfgang Korngold,,是美国奥匈帝国出生的作曲家。)到瓦格纳-马勒-泽姆林斯基时代的结束,再到1920年代和1930年代的柏林的演出和电影插曲——那些我柏林的祖父母所热爱的音乐。
我还认为有必要展示一下这些作曲家来到好莱坞以后,他们的音乐是如何变化的。好莱坞“温室里的”作曲家们大胆的要求引起了我的兴趣:拉威尔的曾经的一位学生在一分钟内就可能写成一首维也纳华尔兹,再写一首牛仔歌曲或一首康康舞(一种高踢大腿的法国式舞蹈)。我一下子意识到,专辑的曲目是对“逃离”这个概念在多重形式上进行阐释:有客观意义上被强制离开欧洲的作曲家;还有的作曲家是从困扰已久的音乐本身形式中逃离出来的。除此之外,银幕里的逃离(此处指专辑中收录的电影音乐)在很大程度上饱含更多意味且内涵深远悠长。

Almost all the pieces on the album are arrangements for solo violin with various accompanying forces –you had the whole orchestral gamut of the Golden Age of Hollywood to pick from and adapt. Were there any numbers that you wanted to include but which just didn’t work in new arrangements as solo items?
问:基本上你专辑里的所有曲子都是为小提琴独奏所安排的,几乎都是你从好莱坞黄金时代的曲目中挑选和改编的管弦乐作品。在这其中,有没有你想要放进专辑,只是没有作为独奏曲所改编的曲目呢?
>Most of these solos were originally written for violin and orchestra, those that were not we adapted. It was my wish to give the arrangements that Golden Age, Hollywood sound, and that was done magnificently by Paul Bateman, one of today’s greatest arrangers and someone with a real sense of the style. There were literally hundreds of pieces we could have selected and I do believe almost all of them would have worked. I was also advised by Erich Zeisl’s daughter and Franz Waxman’s son when making my selection. In the archives of Paramount Studios I found handwritten tunes by Korngold which have never seen the light of day. But at the end of the day, a CD is only 80 minutes…
霍普大部分这些独奏最初就是为了小提琴和管弦乐队所写的,并不是我们所改编成这种演奏形式的。我做这张专辑的初衷是想改编一些能代表黄金时代中好莱坞之声的曲目,而保罗·贝特曼完成的相当出色,他是如今很出色的改编作曲家,有着自己很独到的风格。当然,还有很多好作品可以选择的,我也相信基本每首都会很成功。另外,这次的选曲埃利希·泽西尔(Erich Zeisl)的女儿和弗兰兹·韦克斯曼(Franz Waxman)的儿子给了我很多建议。在派拉蒙影业的档案中,我发现了康果尔德一部从未见过天日的乐曲手稿,但是这张CD才只有80分钟,这首曲子到最后也没能收录到专辑中去……
It’s no surprise that a lot of the composers featured on the disc are of Jewish background –given this, and the considerable Jewish musical community that already existed in America in the early 20th Century, do you think it’s reasonable (as some have done) to view that Golden Age as being set to a soundtrack with a distinctively Jewish heritage –or is that an oversimplification?
问:在专辑里曲目的创作者大都是些拥有犹太背景作曲家,这并不奇怪。在20世纪初,美国就已经有相当多的犹太音乐社区了。这种情况下,你认为像有些人一样,把黄金时代的配乐视为带有明显犹太传统的音乐是合理的吗?抑或这是一种太过简单化的做法?
>I think the original Hollywood Sound was an amalgamation of many different elements. On the one hand an intrinsically central European expression that met the sweeping gestures of Hollywood in an age when big was the requirement. The fact that not only most of the composers were Jewish, but so many of the studio musicians who actually created that sound on tape as well, many of whom had been kicked out of some of the finest orchestras in Europe, does underline the fact that the Jewish presence in the soundworld of Hollywood was a strong and important one.
霍普我认为最初的好莱坞之声是很多不同元素的融合。一方面来说,在这个需求很大的时代,一个本质属于欧洲中心文化的表达,很符合好莱坞广泛的需求。实际上,不光很多作曲家是犹太人,很多录音师也在录音带中创造了这种音乐,但他们中很多人被欧洲一些最优秀的管弦乐队除名了,这也就凸显一个事实,就是犹太人在好莱坞所创造的声音世界中是个强而有力的存在。
丹尼尔·霍普《致敬梅纽因》专辑预告
Do you think Hollywood really was a “paradise”for composers fleeing the turmoil in Europe? Given that many of them didn’t really choose to move there and the musical environment of the film industry was hardly utopian, couldn’t it also be seen as a form of involuntary exile, more of an exodus than a Promised Land?
问:你认为好莱坞对那些逃离欧洲动乱的作曲家们来说,真的是“天堂”吗?这些作曲家们有许多其实并没有真正选择搬到好莱坞去,而且电影音乐业的环境也并不是真的乌托邦式的。这样的话,这难道不被看作是一种非自愿的放逐吗?不像是一种乐土之地,更像是逃离出走。
 >I called the album “Escape to Paradise”, which is actually a nod to Klaus Mann’s book on the Hollywood Exiles, “Escape to Life”. It was Arnold Schoenbergwho called Hollywood “paradise”, a fact that his son, Ronald, confirmed to me during our interviews. For many, Hollywood was hell. They were not able to find a footing, they did not speak the language and they were desperately homesick. One surviving Hollywood Exile composer, Walter Arlen, now 94, told me that those love themes were also, for many, a nostalgic look back to a lost world. You can hear music on the album by Erich Zeisl, someone who did not succeed in Hollywood. Joseph Roth’s novel Job, adapted for Zeisl’s opera by the Hollywood scriptwriter Hans Kafka and from which I play “Menuhim’s Song”, deals with escape from Europe to America, where the central character discovers not a paradise but a hell. For me, Zeisl –who shunned Hollywood’s industry –is a forgotten master.
霍普我给这张专辑命名为“逃离天堂”,其实是对克劳斯·曼(Klaus Mann)一部关于好莱坞流亡者的书的一个认同,书名叫《逃离生活》。阿诺德·勋伯格(Arnold Schoenberg)当时把好莱坞称之为“天堂”,他的儿子罗纳德也在我们的采访中向我们证实了这一点。他们当时无处落脚,也不会说英语,归心似箭。一位尚健在的好莱坞流亡作曲家,现年94岁的沃尔特·阿伦告诉我们,对很多作曲家来说,那些爱情主题也是他们对逝去一种怀念。你可以在专辑里听到埃利希·泽西尔(Erich Zeisl)的作品,他在好莱坞可以说是从未成功过。约瑟夫·罗斯(Joseph Roth)的小说《约伯》(Job)改编自泽西尔作曲,好莱坞编剧汉斯·卡夫卡创作的歌剧,我在里面也演奏了一段《梅纽因之歌(Menuhims Song)》。讲述了主人公从欧洲逃离到美国,发现其实美国不是天堂而是地域的一个故事。对我而言,泽西尔,这个逃离了好莱坞行业的人,却是一个被遗忘的大师。
音乐编译组公众号往期推送:1、八十岁时论阿劳丨论阿劳的演奏艺术;2、八十五岁论阿劳丨他的演奏何以伟大?3、钢琴家特里福诺夫专访丨“我在游泳池里练琴”;4、十五问王羽佳丨“演出”对你意味着什么?5、王羽佳访谈丨“穿长裙?待我四十岁!”6、王羽佳专访丨她赢得了没有参加的“比赛”!7、采访阿格里奇丨“音乐必须是自然流露的事情!” 8、帕尔曼追忆海菲兹丨“这么多小提琴家都试图模仿他,但他们的演奏却成了活生生的讽刺。”;9、肖邦大赛访傅聪丨“这个比赛没有完美的玛祖卡。” 10、韩国钢琴家赵成珍访谈丨“如果我遇见肖邦……”;11、憨豆先生采访郎朗丨谈肖邦以及古典音乐普及;12、古稀之年克莱默访谈丨谈《克莱默版贝多芬协奏曲》(亨勒出版社);13、“奥伊斯特拉赫经常鼓励我,去寻找属于自己的声音”丨“当代怪杰”吉顿·克莱默访谈;14、“指挥家”李云迪访谈丨“音乐源自内心,这就是为什么即便我们一遍遍地弹奏相同的曲子,表演依然不是机械化的原因。” 15、郎朗弟子马克西姆·朗多访谈丨“郎朗对所有事物的热情深深感染着我,当我们在一起演奏时,可以感受到创造出的音乐竟然如此欢乐!” 16、肖邦“迷妹”阿格里奇论肖邦《第一钢琴协奏曲》丨“我多么渴望去亲眼看到肖邦怎样弹琴!”;17、纽爱新总监梵志登访谈丨“我并不想被公众看作对某位作曲家有特殊癖好,演的最多或最为喜欢。” 18、埃格纳钢琴三重奏访谈丨你有父亲、母亲和孩子,等我们长大了,孩子就会成为父亲和母亲,这就是室内乐想要阐明的观点!19、华裔小提琴家侯以嘉访谈丨“没有技巧就没有表达的自由;但只关注技术,很快会变得无聊或疲劳,并失去练习专注度。”
20、郎朗访谈丨“有时候父亲把我逼得太紧了,可他是爱我的!” 21、哈农库特访谈丨“我所探寻的始终是作曲家为什么要这样写”;22、面对批评,郎朗很委屈丨“我想让古典音乐表现得酷炫一点,这有什么不好么?”;23、“准备好了”丨回忆海菲兹小提琴大师班;24、美酒,女人和钢琴丨钢琴家鲁宾斯坦的三原色;25、纪念李帕蒂丨他坚称乐谱是“我们的圣经”,但对作品内在精神的解读更重要!26、周善祥访谈丨不想当钢琴家的作曲家不是好数学家;27、席夫丨为何我的《哥德堡变奏曲》宛如与魔鬼跳舞?28、卡萨尔斯论演奏丨“我们必须学会不要每个音符都完全照搬谱子上写的拉。” 29、钢琴家李斯蒂莎访谈丨我为何“在YouTube创建自己的频道”?30、席夫访谈丨“我们必须努力向公众解释如何聆听美妙的音乐。” 31、托斯卡尼尼与川普丨作为权力工具的古典音乐;32、论托斯卡尼尼丨热爱自由并勇于行动;33、布伦德尔谈周善祥丨“你可以雇一个登山向导来教一个小孩儿怎么走路。” 34、指挥家圣克莱尔论布鲁克纳《第八交响曲》丨“他并不浪漫,你在他的音乐中并不能得到像柴科夫斯基或者马勒交响曲中所得到的感受。” 35、“音乐绝对不是知识”丨钢琴家白建宇访谈;36、鲁宾斯坦访谈丨“我告诉家人,如果我坚持钢琴事业太久就开枪打死我。” 37、罗斯特罗波维奇访谈(上)丨“在我演奏时,我不是在听大提琴的声音,而是在听一个管弦乐团。” 38、罗斯特罗波维奇访谈(下)丨“我从50年代开始指挥,这大大拓宽了我塑造音乐的视野。” 39、巴伦博伊姆访谈丨“柏林墙倒塌以来,世界一直处于缺乏领导的困境中。” 40、郑京和的回归丨“当我在舞台上时,上帝与我同在!”
41、巴伦博伊姆遇见阿格里奇丨“当音乐家们沉浸在自己的音乐世界中时,他们的表情传递出自然和精神力量。” 42、爸爸巴赫到底有多少小崽子? 43、我问郑京和,经历了这么多事情,重新站上舞台是什么感觉?44、基辛访谈丨“我们钢琴家非常幸运:钢琴曲目如此之多,我只希望活得足够长,能学到我想演奏的一切。” 45、他差点成为“古尔德”丨阿劳与巴赫的故事;46、基辛访谈丨“我们钢琴家非常幸运:钢琴曲目如此之多,我只希望活得足够长,能学到我想演奏的一切。” 47、他是钢琴家,却说自己“的目标是尽量少练习”丨迪巴格访谈;48、“我们要从象牙塔中取出音乐”丨巴伦博伊姆访谈;49、“我不想听伊莎贝拉·福斯特以外任何人演奏的协奏曲。” 50、“我不是唯一戴眼镜的钢琴家”丨迪巴格访谈;51、休伊特访谈丨“你花时间学习巴赫,他必然回报你很多”;52、休伊特访谈丨“要成为优秀的巴赫演奏者,也一定是一位学者。” 53、对话休伊特丨“每只手的每一根手指都可以通过巴赫的音乐的训练而变得有力。” 54、对话休伊特丨“我很幸运,通过做一些能给我和很多人带来乐趣的事情谋生。” 55、男高音阿兰尼亚专访(上)丨“我正在寻求的声音极其简单。” 56、一位世界级男高音的互联网思维丨阿兰尼亚专访(下);57、钢琴家波利尼丨“我永远不选音乐之外的另一种生活!”;58、巴伦博伊姆访谈丨“我相信有很多以色列人梦想有一天醒来,发现巴勒斯坦人不见了。”
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