情态动词的使用规则
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本文要讨论情态动词的使用规则。情态动词是一种用来表达情态的助动词,因此又称为情态助动词。具体来说,情态动词可用来表示可能、能力、意愿、义务的概念,和一般动词的使用有许多不同之处:
1. 情态动词的主语为第三人称时,情态动词后不加s。
例句:
· He can speak Chinese.
· She should be here by 9:00.
2. 无论是现在时态或是过去时态,皆使用not来表达否定。
例句:
· He should not be late.
· They might not come to the party.
3. 情态动词没有过去式和未来式的书写形式。
错误:He will can go with us.
错误:She musted study very hard.
关于情态动词的使用
情态动词表达的情态类型如下:
1. 可能
2. 能力
3. 义务
4. 建议
5. 许可
6. 习惯
所有情态动词的种类如下:
Can, could, may, might, need, will, would, must, shall, should, have to, ought to
切记:情态动词后接省略to 的动词不定式。
例句:
· You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
· You should see the doctor.
· There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.
例外:
· You ought to go to the doctor.
1. 可能
首先,情态动词可用于表达某件事情在过去/现在/未来发生的可能性。
例句:
· It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside.
· I don't know where John is. He could have missed the train.
· This bill can't be right. £200 for two cups of coffee!
2. 能力
用can或could表示能力。
例句:
· She can speak six languages.
· My grandfather could play golf very well.
· I can't drive.
3. 必须与建议
若要表达必须,或是给予建议,可使用must或should一类的情态动词。
例句:
· Children must do their homework.
· We have to wear a uniform at work.
· You should stop smoking.
4. 许可
若要征询或给予同意,可使用can、could、may一类的情态动词。此外,情态动词的否定式可用来表达禁止做某件事的概念。
例句:
· Could I leave early today, please?
· You may not use the car tonight.
· Can we swim in the lake?
5. 习惯
若谈到平常或过去的习惯或行事做法,可使用will或would来表达。
例句:
· When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
· John will always be late!
情态动词一览表:
情态动词 | 解释 | 表达的情态类型 | 例句 |
must | to have to | 100% obligation | I must stop when the traffic lights turn red. |
to be very probable | logical conclusion (deduction) | He must be very tired after such enormous work. | |
must not | not to be allowed to | prohibition | You must not smoke in the hospital. |
can | to be able to | ability | I can swim. |
to be allowed to | permission | Can I use your phone please? | |
it is possible | possibility | Smoking can cause cancer! | |
could | to be able to | ability in the past | When I was younger I could stay up all night and not get tired. |
to be allowed to | more polite permission | Excuse me, could I just say something? | |
it is possible | possibility | It could rain tomorrow! | |
may | to be allowed to | permission | May I use your phone please? |
it is possible, probable | possibility, probability | It may rain tomorrow! | |
might | to be allowed to | more polite permission | Might I use your phone please? |
it is possible, probable | weak possibility, probability | I might come and visit you in America next year, if I can save enough money. | |
need | necessary | necessity | Need I say more? |
need not | not necessary | lack of necessity/absence of obligation | I need not buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge. |
should/ought to | used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do | 50% obligation | I should/ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache. |
to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary | advice | You should / ought to revise your lessons. | |
to be very probable | logical conclusion (deduction) | He should / ought to be very tired after such enormous work. | |
had better | to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary | advice | You’d better revise your lessons. |
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