“美国当局考虑进一步收紧中国留学生签证审批。真是个馊主意！”——美国达特茅斯学院的校长和该校塔克商学院院长援引多项研究的数据，力证中国留学生有助美国创新。

达特茅斯学院校友会微信群就美国政府可能限制中国公民赴美留学的消息展开了激烈讨论。这样的限令将损害美国高等教育。更重要的是，这可能削弱整个美国的经济创新能力。
海外学生之所以选择赴美留学，常常是希望在美国世界一流的院校学到知识，提升自己，并在美国开创一番事业。考夫曼基金会(The Kauffman Foundation)的一项研究表明，2006年至2012年期间成立的全新高科技公司中，由移民创建的公司占比达到25%。截至2008年，移民在美国企业家总人数中的占比已经从1995年的16.7%升至27.1%。自2001年以来，来自中国的移民是对这一增长趋势贡献最大的人群之一。研究表明，与拥有相似教育背景的本土美国人或其他类型的移民相比，持学生签证来到美国的移民创办企业的可能性更高。学生签证移民的工资收入更高、获得的专利数量更多，商业化的发明创造数量也更多。
中国留学生在美国创新领域发挥的重要作用在科学、技术、工程和数学界 (STEM)愈发明显。在美国的STEM项目中，中国留学生往往比其他国家的留学生更能出成果。针对美国161个化学院系的1.6万名在读博士生的一项研究发现，中国留学生的论文数量和质量均高于其他国家留学生——与他们获得了赫赫有名的美国国家科学基金会奖学金的美国同学不相上下。
大多数中国STEM专业的毕业生不想将自己的技术带回国。2012年至2015年期间，在美国获得理工科博士学位的中国留学生中，有83%的人表示计划留在美国。这一比率几乎高于其他任何国家。例如，只有约一半的德国籍博士学位获得者希望留在美国。
在获得STEM学位之后数年，中国学生留在美国的概率也远高于其他国家。2005年在美国获得理工科博士学位的外国留学生中，有90%的中国留学生10年后仍然留在美国，为所有国家中比率最高的。欧洲和南美的这一比率分别为65%和50%。2015年在美国拥有理工科博士学位的46.4万名海外出生留学生中，中国学生占比达到22.4%，高于其他任何国家。
如果美国决定将其拒之门外，这些海外学生并不会停止成为创新者，只不过他们将不会成为美国的创新者。这将是美国在新理念、新企业和新就业等方面的损失，但却会令世界其他国家受益。为什么用人之际要向如此大量的出色创新人才关上大门呢？
The Dartmouth alumni WeChat group is buzzing with the recent news that the U.S. government may ban Chinese citizens from attending American colleges. Such a ban would damage American higher education. More important, it would dampen the country’s capacity for economic innovation.
Foreign students often choose to study in the U.S. because they aim to apply here what they learn at our world-class schools. A Kauffman Foundation study found that immigrants accounted for 25% of all new high-tech companies founded from 2006 through 2012. The immigrant share of all U.S. entrepreneurs rose from 16.7% in 1995 to 27.1% in 2008. Since 2001, immigrants from China have played one of the largest roles in this increase. Research has shown that immigrants who come on a student visa are likelier to start a company than either native-born Americans with similar education or other immigrants. Student-visa immigrants earn higher wages, receive more patents and commercialize more inventions.
The outsize and growing role of Chinese students in American innovation is especially evident in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Chinese students in U.S. STEM programs are often more productive than students from other countries. One study of 16,000 doctoral candidates in 161 U.S. chemistry departments found that Chinese students wrote more and better papers than other international students—on par with their U.S. classmates who had been awarded prestigious National Science Foundation fellowships.
Most Chinese STEM graduates don’t want to take their skills back. Between 2012 and 2015, 83% of Chinese students who completed doctorates in science or engineering in the U.S. reported plans to stay in the country. That’s a much higher rate than from almost any other country. Only about half of German doctorate recipients, for instance, want to stay.
In the years beyond earning their STEM degrees, Chinese students are much likelier to remain. Among foreign-born students who received science and engineering doctorates in America in 2005, 90% of those from China were still in the U.S. a decade later, the highest rate of any country. The figures for Europe and South America were 65% and 50%, respectively. And of the 464,000 foreign-born holders of science and engineering doctorates in the U.S. in 2015, China accounted for 22.4%, more than any other country.
Foreign-born students won’t stop being innovators if the U.S. decides to keep them out. They will stop being innovators in America. America’s loss—of new ideas, new companies, new jobs—would be the rest of the world’s gain. Why close the door to so many great innovators when we need them?
Mr. Hanlon is president of Dartmouth College. Mr. Slaughter is dean of its Tuck School of Business.
（本文作者Philip J. Hanlon是美国达特茅斯学院校长，Matthew J. Slaughter是该校塔克商学院院长。）
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