3 Ways You're More Like Your Dad, According to Science
科学说，3个原因说明你更像你爸爸
No matter how hard they rebelled in adolescence, adults tend to become a lot like their parents. But according to a new crop of studies exploring the influence of fathers, that might have been inevitable.
Thanks to separate studies conducted at University of North Carolina, Washington State University, and the University of Massachusetts, we now have a more thorough understanding of how and why these influences take shape as we get older.
不管青春期是如何的叛逆，人们成年后可能会更像自己的父母。但是据大量新的关于受父亲影响结果的科研成果表明，父亲的影响不可避免。感谢来自北卡罗来纳大学，华盛顿州立大学和马萨诸塞大学相关的分别的研究，让我们对成长过程中这些是如何以及为什么对于后代有影响有了更深入的了解。
While some influences are the result of social conditioning, others are plucked from dad’s genetic makeup, wherein his lifestyle choices from before conception may play a part in a child’s expressed DNA. These separate studies have explored the influence of fathers in an array of aspects, creating a multi-layered understanding of what fathers really bring to the table when shaping a person.
有一些影响是社会因素造成的，另外的则是由父亲的DNA决定的，其中在怀孕前他的生活方式的选择也有可能在孩子的DNA中留下印记。这些各自独立的研究探索了父亲一方影响的许多方面，为人们了解父亲如何塑造一个人提供了多层次的解析。
inevitable： [ɪnˈɛvɪtəbəl] adj. 不可避免的; 必然发生的; <非正>总会发生的; 必然发生的事
Your language skills
你的语言技巧
Our own diction and personal styles of communicating are usually influenced by how adults spoke to us as children, but research suggests that fathers play a unique role in that conversation. There have been countless studies on the effects of baby talk and the ways in which parents, especially mothers, tend to raise the pitch of their voices when speaking to small children. However, a study from Washington State University found that fathers use significantly less baby talk when speaking to their children, and that isn’t such a bad thing.
每个人与人打交道时的措辞和说话的风格通常都是幼儿时期受大人对自己说话方式的影响，但研究发现父亲在其中起了一个独特的作用。对于使用婴儿语言说话的作用，尤其是母亲在对小孩子说话时，试图提高嗓音的研究已经数不胜数。然而，华盛顿州立大学的研究表明父亲和小孩子说话时很少使用婴儿语言，而且这不是个坏事。
Led by Mark Van Dam, Ph.D., from the university’s Floyd College of Medicine, researchers placed recording devices on 11 preschoolers to record a day’s worth of sounds directed at children. More than 150 hours of audio was then analyzed with speech recognition software. VanDam found that when mothers spoke to their children, the parent’s pitch increased by 40 hertz. However, when a father spoke to the child, their voices usually maintained the same pitch as when they spoke to adults.
由Mark Van Dam博士的领导、在佛洛依德医学院进行的一项研究，研究人员在11名学龄前儿童身上安装了录音设备以记录每一天孩子获得的指令。之后超过150个小时的音频资料在语音识别软件的帮助下获得分析。Van Dam发现当妈妈和孩子说话时声调提高了40赫兹。但是当父亲和孩子说话时，声音和他与其他成人说话时的声调时一样的。
Although prior research has shown that children pay more attention to the high-pitched sounds directed at them, the diversity in how they are addressed could boost their language skills. By talking to their kids the way they talk to adults, dads give children a bridge to stronger language skills and helps them transition into stronger speech patterns later.
尽管以前的研究显示小孩子对高声调的话更注意，但对他说话时的多种变化却能够促进他们的语言技巧。通过用对成人的方式说话，父亲成为孩子加强语言技巧的桥梁，并为他们今后发展出更完善的讲话方式提供了帮助。
diversity： [daɪˈvɜ:rsəti] n. 差异;多样化，（人在种族、民族、宗教等方面的）多样性;分歧
Your genes
你的基因
Sure, mom and dad each contribute 50 percent of our DNA, but that doesn’t mean all genes are expressed equally. According to a study from the University of North Carolina, mammals use more of the DNA that is inherited from their fathers.
当然父亲和母亲各自为孩子提供了百分之五十的DNA，但这并不意味着所有基因都获得了同样的表现。据北卡大学的研究表明，哺乳动物中父亲的基因得到了更多继承。
The study, which first appeared in Nature Genetics in 2015, showed how the expression of thousands of different genes in mice varied depending on whether they came from the mother or father. While each parent technically contributed half of an offspring’s genome, approximately 60 percent of the father’s genes were more expressive than the mother’s.
最早刊登在2015年的《自然基因》杂志上的文章显示，数以千计的不同种的来自父亲或母亲的基因在小白鼠身上，因来源不同而大不相同。从技术上讲父母为后代基因组提供了各百分之五十的基因，但是却有大约有百分之六十的父亲的基因比母亲的基因获得了更多的表现。
genome ：[ˈdʒi:noʊm]     n.   基因组，染色体组;
expressive：表示的，有表现力的，表达的;
“We discovered a new, genome-wide expression imbalance in favor of the dad in several hundred genes,” James J. Crowley, Ph.D., said of his research, which he co-authored with Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena, Ph.D. “This imbalance resulted in offspring whose brain gene expression was significantly more like their father’s.”
James J. Crowley博士就他与Femando Pardo-Manuel de Villena博士合著的研究报告说：“我们发现了一个新的全基因组的有关父亲数百个基因的失衡表达。有一点非常明显，那就是这些失衡对后代的影响是大脑基因表达更像父亲。”
Your health and well-being
你的健康与幸福
If we use more of the DNA that we inherit from our dads, that has wide implications for the study of human disease. “We’ve known that there are 95 genes that are subject to this parent-of-origin effect,” said de Villena. “They’re called imprinted genes, and they can play roles in diseases, depending on whether the genetic mutation came from the father or the mother. Now we’ve found that in addition to them, there are thousands of other genes that have a novel parent-of-origin effect.”
如果我们使用了更多的来源于父亲的DNA，那就会对人类疾病的研究具有更广泛的意义。De Villena博士说：“我们知道有95个基因受这种母源效果的影响，他们被称作印迹基因，能在疾病中起到作用，这取决于遗传信息是来自父亲还是母亲。现在我们发现，除了这以外，还有数以千计的基因有着新的母源效果。”
If your mother has a predisposition towards a given disease, it can still be inherited, but given that DNA from the father is more likely to be expressed, illnesses and gene mutations inherited from dad could be more likely to appear. When studying hereditary diseases, Crowley and de Villena’s research suggests it can make a difference if the genes that cause a disease come from a specific parent.
如果你的母亲的体质倾向于某种疾病，这有可能会遗传，但是源于父亲的DNA更容易被表现，那么源于父亲的疾病和遗传信息更容易表现出来。在研究遗传性疾病时，Crowley和Villena的研究表明，如果导致疾病的基因来自某一方的父母，它可以起到重要的作用。
hereditary：[həˈredɪteri]adj.（生物学中）遗传的
It’s not the only way in which dad can affect a child’s well-being. Men who eat poorly when their children are conceived put their baby at higher risk for birth defects, according to a 2015 study from the University of Massachusetts. The research shows that a father’s RNA, which is what expresses one’s genetic code, is altered by his indulgence in an unhealthy diet. If his diet is unhealthy at time of conception, that genetic code is transferred to the child along with a greater sensitivity to health risks.
这不是父亲能影响孩子幸福的唯一途径。当孩子受孕时父亲饮食欠佳会导致孩子在出生时有更高风险。这是马萨诸塞大学2015年的研究成果。研究显示父亲的RNA，也就是一个人的遗传密码，会因无节制的不健康饮食而改变。如果受孕时他的饮食不健康，传给孩子的遗传密码就会带有很大的健康风险。
Looking at both the social conditioning and genetic patterns that are picked up from dads, it’s clear that a father’s influence on their offspring is multidimensional. These studies offer many tools in better understanding — and, in some cases, treating — the conditions we inherit from dad, whether they are celebrated or not.
看一看从父亲那里得到的外部条件和遗传方式，父亲对后代的影响是多方位的。这些研究为我们提供了许多工具以起更好的了解、且在一些情况下包括治疗 - 我们从父亲那里遗传来的状况 - 不管这些是好还是不好的。
inherit： [ɪnˈhɛrɪt] vt.& vi.继承vt.经遗传获得（品质、身体特征等），继任
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