如果我们把全世界的人按照贫富等级排成一条线,你觉得中国会处在哪?
或者说得具体一点,你觉得你自己会在哪?
英大在办公室问了10个同事,其中8个人都说我们应该在中间偏上一点(slightly above the middle)
这似乎也是大部分中国城市人的想法,我们并不算太穷,但在世界范围内也并不富有。
但是,
事实是,如果你生活在中国的一、二、三线城市,而且有一份白领工作,那你的生活水平极可能已经位列全球前10%。
你或许不相信,那就赶快看看今天的 TED演讲 吧,它会说服你的。
今天的演讲者是来自瑞典的 安娜·罗斯林·于伦(Anna Rosling Rönnlund),她的职业有点独特,叫做 visualizer,在中文里还没有一致的翻译,不过你可以管它叫“可视化设计师”
她的主要工作,就是将世界上的很多重要信息用易于理解的方式呈现出来,这些方式可以是图表(diagram)网站(website)等等等等。
她曾在 Google 供职过3年,帮助 Google 优化他们的公共数据搜索结果。
在今天的这个演讲中,她就以非常可视化的方式,将全球的贫富水平呈现了出来。

字幕如下:
What images do we see from the rest of the world? 
当我们看着世界其他地方的时候,我们看到的是什么?
We see natural disasters, war, terror. We see refugees, and we see horrible diseases. Right? 
我们看到了自然灾害、战争、恐怖。我们看见了难民,还有可怕的疾病。对吧?
We see beautiful beaches, cute animals, beautiful nature, cultural rites and stuff. 
我们也看到了美丽的海滩、可爱的动物、美丽的大自然还有人文景观等等。
And then we're supposed to make the connection in our head and create a worldview out of this. 
然后,我们应该能在脑海中把这些东西联系起来,构建出一个世界观。
And how is that possible? 
但是这真的能做到吗?
I mean, the world seems so strange. 
我的意思是,这个世界看起来如此奇怪。
And I don't think it is. I don't think the world is that strange, actually.
不过我并不这么认为。我并不觉得这个世界奇怪,一点也不奇怪。
I've got an idea. 
我的想法是这样的。
So, imagine the world as a street, where the poorest live on one end and the richest on the other, and everyone in the world lives on this street. 
现在,让我们把世界想象成一条街,最贫穷的人住在街的其中一端,最富有的人则住在街的另一端,世界上的所有人都住在这条街上。
You live there, I live there, and the neighbors we have are the ones with the same income. 
你住在这,我也住在这,而我们的邻居就是那些和我们收入相当的人。
People that live in the same block as me, they are from other countries, other cultures, other religions. 
那些和我住在同一个街区的人,他们来自别的国家、别的文化群、别的宗教。
The street might look something like this. 
这条街大概会长成这样。
And I was curious. 
而我很好奇。
In Sweden where I live, I've been meeting quite a lot of students. 
在我所居住的瑞典,我和很多学生交谈过。
And I wanted to know, where would they think they belong on a street like this?
我想知道,他们认为自己住在这条街的哪个地方。
So we changed these houses into people. 
于是,我们把这些房子代换成小人儿。
This is the seven billion people that live in the world. 
这是世界上现存的70亿人口。
And just by living in Sweden, most likely you belong there, which is the richest group. 
而你只要住在瑞典,那么你极有可能就属于那边,最富有的那一群。
But the students, when you ask them, they think they are in the middle. 
但当你问这些学生的时候,他们却以为自己在中间。
And how can you understand the world when you see all these scary images from the world, and you think you live in the middle, while you're actually atop? 
你目睹了全球这么多可怕的画面,你觉得自己的生活属于中间水品,但其实你的生活已经属于顶层;在这样的前提下,我们怎么可能理解这个世界?
Not very easy.
真的不容易。
So I sent out photographers to 264 homes in 50 countries -- so far, still counting -- and in each home, the photographers take the same set of photos. 
所以,我让摄影师们去了50个国家的264个家庭——这还只是目前的数字,还在继续增长——在每个家庭里,摄影师们都会拍摄同样一组照片。
They take the bed, the stove, the toys and about 135 other things. 
他们会照下床、炉子、玩具以及135样其他的东西。
So we have 40,000 images or something at the moment, and it looks something like this.
所以,我们现在有了4万张照片,它们看起来是这个样子。
Here we see, it says on the top, "Families in the world by income," and we have the street represented just beneath it, you can see. 
我们在这边的顶上可以看到“按照收入排序的全世界家庭”,而正如你所见,那条街就显示在下面。
And then we see some of the families we have visited. 
我们现在可以看到一些我们已经造访过的家庭。
We have the poorer to the left, the richer to the right, and everybody else in between, as the concept says. 
比较贫穷的人都在左边,比较富裕的人都在右边,其他所有人则在中间,正如刚刚的概念所讲。
We can go down and see the different families we have been to so far. 
我们还可以往下滑,看看那些我们去过的不同家庭。
Here, for instance, we have a family in Zimbabwe, one in India, one in Russia, and one in Mexico, for instance. 
比如这里,这里有一个津巴布韦家庭、一个印度家庭、一个俄罗斯家庭,以及一个墨西哥家庭。
So we can go around and look at the families this way. 
我们也可以来回滚动来观察这些家庭。
But of course, we can choose if we want to see some certain countries and compare them, or regions, or if we want, to see other things.
但是当然,如果我们想看某个特定的国家、宗教或其他什么,或者想在他们之间作比较,我们也可以直接选择。
So let's go to the front doors and see what they look like. 
我们现在就来看看各家的大门都长什么样吧。
Go here, and this is the world by front doors, ordered by income. 
点这里,这就是世界各地的大门,按照收入排序之后的样子。
And we can see the big difference from India, Philippines, China, Ukraine, in these examples, for instance.
在这些例子里,我们能看到印度、菲律宾、中国、乌克兰之间巨大的差异。
What if we go into the home? 
那如果我们走进这些家庭会怎么样呢?
We can look at beds. This is what beds can look like. 
我们可以看看他们的床。这些床看起来是这样的。
Doesn't look like the glossy magazines. Doesn't look like the scary images in the media. 
并不像那些光鲜亮丽的杂志上的东西。也不像媒体里报道的那些吓人画面。
So remember that the students in Sweden, they thought they were in the middle of the world income. 
还记得那些瑞典的学生吗?他们以为他们处于世界收入水平的中档。
So let's go there. We zoom in here by filtering the street to the middle, like this, and then I ask the students: Is this what your bedroom looks like? 
我们就去那看看吧。直接像这样聚焦到整条街的中间,然后我就问这些学生:你们的卧室是这样的吗?
And they would actually not feel very at home. 
而他们觉得这不太像他们家里的样子。
So we go down and see, do they feel more at home here? 
那么我们再往下滑,然后问他们这里又如何。
And they would say, no, this is not what a Swedish typical bedroom looks like. 
他们说这里也不是,这不是一个典型的瑞典家庭卧室的样子。
We go up here, and suddenly, they feel sort of at home. 
然后我们上滑到这,现在他们就突然觉得眼熟了。
And we can see here in this image, we see bedrooms in China, Netherlands, South Korea, France and the United States, for instance. 
我们在这些图里能看到中国、荷兰、韩国、法国和美国的卧室。
So we can click here. If we want to know more about the family, the home in which this bed stands, we can just click it and go to the family, and we can see all the images from that family. 
那么我们点击一下这里。如果我们想要多了解一下这张床所在的家庭,我们可以直接点击它来进入这个家庭,然后我们就能看到这个家庭的所有照片。
We can go this way, too. And of course, this is free for anyone to use. 
我们也可以这样用。当然,这个东西所有人都可以免费使用。
So just go here, and please add more images, of course.
所以请大家都来用吧,当然,也请你们贡献出自己的照片。
My personal favorite that everyone always tries to make me not show, I'm going to show you now, and that's toilets, because you're not really allowed to look at people's toilets, but now we can just do it, right? 
我现在要给你们看我个人最喜欢的部分,而这一部分别人一般都希望我不要放出来,它就是厕所;因为大家通常并不会让你看他们家的厕所,不过我们现在在这能看,对吧?
So here we have a lot of toilets. They look pretty much as we're used to, right? 
我们这里有好多厕所。他们看起来都是我们习以为常的样子,对不对?
And they are in China, Netherlands, United States, Nepal and so forth, Ukraine, France. 
而这些厕所来自中国、荷兰、美国、尼泊尔,以及乌克兰和法国。
And they look pretty similar, right? 
它们看起来都差不多,对吧?
But remember, we are in the top. 
记住,我们现在看的是全球最顶级的部分。
So what about checking all the toilets? Now it looks a bit different, doesn't it?
那如果看看全世界的厕所又会是什么样呢?现在它们看起来就不太一样了,是不是?
So this way we can visually browse through categories of imagery, using photos as data. 
这么一来,我们就能在不同种类的照片见直观地浏览,把照片当成数据来用。
But not everything works as a photo. 
不过有些东西是照片表现不出来的。
Sometimes it's easier to understand what people do, so we also do video snippets of everyday activities, such as washing hands, doing laundry, brushing teeth, and so on. 
有时候你得看一个人的行动才能更好地理解他,所以我们也用视频记录了他们的一些日常活动,比如洗手、洗衣服、刷牙等等。
And I'm going to show you a short snippet of tooth-brushing, and we’re going to start at the top.
我现在会给你们放一小段刷牙的视频,我们会从最富裕的人群开始。
So we see people brushing their teeth. 
我们现在可以看见这些人正在刷牙。
Pretty interesting to see the same type of plastic toothbrush is being used in all these places in the same way, right? 
有意思的是,所有这些地方都在用同一种方法使用同一种塑料牙刷,对不对?
Some are more serious than others --
有些人刷得比其他人要认真,
but still, the toothbrush is there. 
不过总归还是用那个牙刷。
And then, coming down to this poorer end, then we will see people start using sticks, and they will sometimes use their finger to brush their teeth. 
而滑倒更贫穷的这一端来之后,有些人就开始用棍子刷牙了,有时候甚至是用他们自己的手指。
So this particular woman in Malawi, when she brushes her teeth, she scrapes some mud off from her wall and she mixes it with water, and then she's brushing. 
比如这位马拉维的女士,当她刷牙的时候,她会先从墙上扣一些泥巴下来,然后把它们与水混合起来,然后用这刷牙。
Therefore, in the Dollar Street material, we have tagged this image not only as her wall, which it is, but also as her toothpaste, because that is also what she uses it for. 
所以,在“美元街”的资料库里,我们不光把这张图片标为她的墙(这的确是面墙),同时我们也把它表为她的牙刷,因为这也是她使用这面墙的方法之一。
So we can say, in the poorer end of the street, you will use a stick or your finger, you come to the middle, you will start using a toothbrush, and then you come up to the top, and you will start using one each. 
所以我们可以这么总结,在比较贫穷的那一端,你使用棍子或者手指来刷牙的;到了中间你就开始用牙刷了;而到了顶部,就变成每人一支牙刷了。
Pretty nice, not sharing a toothbrush with your grandma.
挺好的对吧,不用和奶奶共用一支牙刷。
And you can also look at some countries. 
你还可以专门只看特定的国家。
Here, we have the income distribution within the US, most people in the middle. 
比如这里,我们可以看到美国的收入分布,大部分人都是处于中间的。
We have a family we visited in the richer end, the Howards. 
这里是一家我们走访过的富裕家庭——霍华德一家。
We can see their home here. And we also visited a family in the poorer end, down here. 
我们可以在这看到他们的房间。另外,我们也拜访了较穷一端的一个家庭,在这边。
And then what we can do now is we can do instant comparisons of things in their homes. 
于是我们现在就能对他们家的东西进行直观的对比了。
Let's look in their cutlery drawer. 
我们来看看他们放餐具的抽屉。
So, observe the Hadleys: they have all their cutlery in a green plastic box. and they have a few different types and some of them are plastic, while the Howards, they have this wooden drawer with small wooden compartments in it and a section for each type of cutlery. 
比如,来看看哈德利一家,他们把所有的餐具都放在一个绿色的塑料盒子里。他们有很多款,其中一些还是塑料的;而霍华德一家这边则有一个专门的木质抽屉,而且每一种餐具都有专门的木质小隔间。
We can add more families, and we can see kitchen sinks, or maybe living rooms.
我们还可以多加入一些家庭,我们可以看到他们的厨房水槽,还可以看看他们的起居室。
Of course, we can do the same in other countries. 
当然,我们也可以针对其他国家做同样的操作。
So we go to China, we pick three families. we look at their houses, we can look at their sofas, we can look at their stoves. 
那么我们来看看中国,我们选取了3个家庭,一起来看看他们的房子,我们也可以看看他们的沙发,还可以看看他们的炉子。
And when you see these stoves, I think it's obvious that it's a stupid thing that usually, when we think about other countries, we think they have a certain way of doing things. 
当你看到这些炉子的时候,你就会发现我们通常的想法是多么愚蠢:当我们想到一个国家的时候,我们觉得他们所有人都会用一个特定的方式来做一件事。
But look at these stoves. 
但你看看这些炉子。
Very different, right, because it depends on what income level you have, how you're going to cook your food. 
非常不同,因为这取决于你处于哪个收入水平,以及你要怎样烹饪你的食物。
But the cool thing is when we start comparing across countries. 
而当我们开始比较不同国家的时候,那才是真的有意思。
So here we have China and the US. See the big overlap between these two. 
现在我们看到的是中国喝美国。看他们那一大块重合的部分。
So we picked the two homes we have already seen in these countries, the Wus and the Howards. 
我们选取了我们在这两个国家查看过的两个家庭:吴家和霍华德家。
Standing in their bedroom, pretty hard to tell which one is China and which one is the US, right? 
当你站在他们的卧室里的时候,你很难分清哪个是中国的、哪个是美国的,对吧?
Both have brown leather sofas, and they have similar play structures. 
两边都有棕色的皮质沙发,而且两边的游乐设施也差不多。
Most likely both are made in China, so, I mean, that's not very strange --
而且很可能两边都是中国制造,所以,我的意思是,那也不奇怪,
but that is similar.
总之就是差不多。
We can of course go down to the other end of the street, adding Nigeria. 
当然,我们也可以去这条街的另一头,把尼日利亚也加进来。
So let's compare two homes in China and Nigeria. 
我们来比较中国喝尼日利亚的两个家庭。
Looking at the family photos, they do not look like they have a lot in common, do they? 
当你看这两个家庭的全家福时,会觉得他们并没有太多共同点,对吧?
But start seeing their ceiling. 
但如果你开始看他们的天花板。
They have a plastic shield and grass. 
他们用的都是塑料挡风板和草。
They have the same kind of sofa, they store their grain in similar ways, they're going to have fish for dinner, and they're boiling their water in identical ways. 
他们用的是同一种沙发。他们用差不多的方式来存放谷物。他们晚餐都准备吃鱼。而且他们烧水的方式是完全一样的。
So if we would visit any of these homes, there's a huge risk that we would say we know anything about the specific way you do things in China or Nigeria, while, looking at this, it's quite obvious -- this is how you do things on this income level. 
所以,如果我们去拜访这两个家庭,我们很有可能觉得这就是人们在中国或者尼日利亚的生活方式;但当我们看这里的时候,就很明显了,这其实是人们在这个收入水平上的生活方式。
That is what you can see when you go through the imagery in Dollar Street.
当你在美元街上浏览这些照片的时候,就能看出这一点。
So going back to the figures, the seven billion people of the world, now we're going to do a quick recap. 
让我们再回到这个图标,这全球70亿人口,我们来做一个快速的重述。
We're going to look at comparisons of things in the poorest group: beds, roofs, cooking. And observe, in all these comparisons, their homes are chosen so they are in completely different places of the world. But what we see is pretty identical. 
我们来在最贫穷的人群中做些比较:他们的床、房顶、烹饪方式。注意,在这所有的对比当中,这些家庭都是从不同国家选出来的,但我们看到的东西基本是完全一样的。
So the poorest billion cooking would look somewhat the same in these two places; you might not have shoes; eating, if you don't have a spoon; storing salt would be similar whether you're in Asia or in Africa; and going to the toilet would be pretty much the same experience whether you're in Nigeria or Nepal.
所以,对于最贫穷的那10亿人口而言,你在两个地方看到的东西基本会是一样的:你可能没有鞋子;如果没有勺子的话你肯能用手吃饭;无论你是在亚洲还是在非洲,你储存盐的方式也会差不多;而不管你是在尼日利亚还是在尼泊尔,上厕所的体验也会差不多。
In the middle, we have a huge group of five billion, but here we can see you will have electric light, most likely; you will no longer sleep on the floor; you will store your salt in a container; you will have more than one spoon; you will have more than one pen; the ceiling is no longer leaking that much; you will have shoes; you might have a phone, toys, and produce waste.
在中间,我们有一个50亿人口的庞大群体,而在这你能看到电灯;你会看到人们不再睡到地上;你会用容器来储存盐;你会有不止一支勺子;你也会有不止一支笔;房顶也不会那么漏风漏水;你有鞋子可穿;你可能还有手机、玩具,还能制造垃圾。
Coming to our group up here, similar shoes, Jordan, US. 
再回到我们顶部的这一组来,鞋子是差不多的,乔丹牌,美国货。
We have sofas, fruits, hairbrushes, bookshelves, 
我们有沙发、水果、发刷、书架、
toilet paper in Tanzania, Palestine, hard to distinguish if we would sit in US, Palestine or Tanzania from this one. 
坦桑尼亚和巴勒斯坦的厕纸,光从这张照片很难分辨出我们是在美国、巴勒斯坦还是坦桑尼亚。
Vietnam, Kenya: wardrobes, lamps, black dogs, floors, soap, laundry, clocks, computers, phones, and so on, right?
越南、肯尼亚:衣柜、台灯、黑狗、地板、肥皂、洗衣工具、钟、电脑、电话,还有等等等等,对吧?
So we have a lot of similarities all over the world, and the images we see in the media, they show us the world is a very, very strange place. 
所以,全世界其实有很多共同之处,而我们在媒体上看到的世界确实一个非常非常奇怪的地方。
But when we look at the Dollar Street images, they do not look like that. 
但当我能看美元街上的图片时,它们却不是那个样子。
So using Dollar Street, we can use photos as data, and country stereotypes -- they simply fall apart. 
所以,通过使用美元街,我们可以把照片当成数据来用,而那些我们对各个国家的固有成见都会烟消云散。
So the person staring back at us from the other side of the world actually looks quite a lot like you. 
那些从世界另一端回望你的人,其实和你非常相像。
And that implies both a call to action and a reason for hope.
这既是一次对行动的号召,也是一个让我们继续怀有希望的理由。
Thank you.
谢谢你们。
由于视频挺长,而且耗流量,英大直接在这把要点给大家讲一讲吧:
正如上面所讲,如果我们把全世界的人按照收入排成一条线,那我们看到的东西可能会很不一样。
而这正是 Anna 所做的,她创建了一个叫“美元街”(dollar street)的模型。

她假想世界上所有的人都住在这条街上,越贫穷的人住在越左边,越富有的人住在越右边。
通过这个模型,你能很直观地感受全世界的收入分布(income distribution)
然后,她就去瑞典当地的学校采访了很多学生,问他们觉得自己应该在这条街的哪里。
几乎所有的学生都觉得自己大概在中间:
然而,事实却是,只要你出生在瑞典这个国家,你基本就已经处于最顶端了:

当然,这看起来很不直观,似乎也没有什么说服力,
这也就是为什么 Anna在这个概念上搭建了一个很直观的网站:Gapminder
她让摄影师们去了50个国家的264个家庭(数目还在增长),在每个家庭里,摄影师们都会拍摄同样一组照片。
他们会照下床、炉子、玩具以及135样其他的东西
现在 Gapminder 已经收集了超过4万张照片,你可以按照全世界的收入水平顺序来浏览,
还可以单独只浏览其中一种东西的照片,比如下面这是这些家庭的大门:
于是 Anna 就向这些瑞典学生展示了这个网站,并让他们看看这些家庭的卧室。
首先,她按照这些学生所想的,滑到了美元街的中间部位,这个部位的卧室是这个样子的:
显然,瑞典的学生觉得这并不像自己平常看到的卧室。
然后,Anna 又把滚动轴滑倒了最贫穷的一端,那里的卧室是这样的:
瑞典学生们当然觉得这就更不像自己的卧室了。
最后,Anna 把滚动轴拉到了顶部,然后这些瑞典学生发现,原来自己的卧室水平已经属于世界最富裕的等级了:
顺带一说,图库里的大部分中国家庭也属于这一块。
英大本来以为自己的生活水平只是中等偏上,结果发现我的卧室比里面的很多好太多了。
除了卧室,Gapminder里面还有一个很重要的东西就是“刷牙”
虽然整条轴上的绝大部分人都用牙刷,但其实只有后面一段的人才像我们一样,是每人用一支牙刷,
在中段的不少家庭里,是整家人共用一支牙刷的,
而再往贫穷的那一端去,人们甚至开始用棍子或者手指来刷牙了
这些东西都以图片的形式直观的展现在 Gapminder 网站上,而这个网站是免费的,大家都可以去用:
https://www.gapminder.org/
(长按,复制到浏览器打开)
你很有可能会发现,你自己比自己想象的要富有很多。
此外,这个网站还提供一个知识测试
测的是“你对这个世界真实情况的了解程度”
如果通过了的话,它会给你生成一张在线证书(online certificate)
你真的了解你生活的这个世界吗?
你真的了解你在这个世界上的位置吗?
并不一定哦,快点去测一测吧。
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