救灾不如防灾，防灾不如避灾

汶川地震9周年的日子，心里堵得慌。

正好，日本有一个类似的大地震作对比。

2016年4月日本熊本大地震，造成49人死亡及10万栋建筑损坏，日本政府公布了熊本地震损失额估算数字，熊本、大分两县的住宅及道路等直接经济损失达到人民币二千多亿元。

日本九州岛熊本大地震

熊本地震经济损失惨重但人员损失不多，中国媒体报导震级为7级，日本媒体报道地震烈度也是7级。看震级和烈度这二个数字，和汶川差距很大，哪来的可比性？

其实这里面有个误区，源于中日对于地震烈度的区分标准存在差异。众所周知，真正决定地震破坏力的，不是地震的震级，而是地震的烈度。如果把一次地震比作一把铁锤，震级相当于铁锤的大小，烈度相当于这把铁锤以多少加速度砸你。地震的烈度，与震级、震源深度、震中距，以及震区的土质条件等有关。

这是中日地震烈度对照表：

从表中可以看到，日本报道中的7级烈度，就相当于中国的最高级别了，熊本地震的破坏力，和汶川地震是差不多的。如果这样的地震发生在中国类似地区，死亡人数很可能会以万计。看一下近年来世界各国大地震的数据：

震级	地震烈度	死亡
2016年熊本	7.3级	10-11级	49
2008年汶川	8级	11级	88000
2001年秘鲁	7.9级	10-？	97
1994年洛杉矶	6.6级	10-？	62
1976年唐山	7.8级	11级	240000

类似的地震情况，中国的伤亡数字触目惊心，建筑质量问题是主要原因。面对一个个在地震中失去生命的普通人，面对一个个豆腐渣工程，心中只有悲伤和愤怒。

中国地震烈度标准划分为12个等级

I Not felt	无感——仅仪器能记录到 Not felt except by very few under especially favorable conditions.
II Weak	微有感——个别敏感的人在完全静止中有感 Felt only by a few people at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
III Weak	少有感——室内少数人在静止中有感，悬挂物轻微摆动 Felt quite noticeably by people indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
IV Light	多有感——室内大多数人，室外少数人有感，悬挂物摆动，不稳器皿作响 Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
V Moderate	惊醒——室外大多数人有感，家畜不宁，门窗作响，墙壁表面出现裂纹 Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned.Pendulum clocks may stop.
VI Strong	惊慌——人站立不稳，家畜外逃，器皿翻落，简陋棚舍损坏，陡坎滑坡 Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
VII Very strong	房屋损坏——房屋轻微损坏，牌坊，烟囱损坏，地表出现裂缝及喷沙冒水 Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
VIII Severe	建筑物破坏——房屋多有损坏，少数破坏路基塌方，地下管道破裂 Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
IX Violent	建筑物普遍破坏——房屋大多数破坏，少数倾倒，牌坊，烟囱等崩塌，铁轨弯曲 Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Liquefaction.
X Extreme	建筑物普遍摧毁——房屋倾倒，道路毁坏，山石大量崩塌，水面大浪扑岸 Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
XI Extreme	毁灭——房屋大量倒塌，路基堤岸大段崩毁，地表产生很大变化 Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground. Underground pipe lines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly.
XII Extreme	山川易景——建筑物普遍毁坏，地形剧烈变化动植物遭毁灭 Damage total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air.